Rectal Prolapse

ABSTRACT

Rectal prolapse is a condition that usually requires surgical intervention to correct. Abdominal and perineal approaches are well described in the literature. Abdominal approaches have traditionally been reserved for young healthy patients, but this has been challenged by perineal approaches with excellent outcomes. Laparoscopic techniques have been shown to be effective and equivalent to traditional laparotomy techniques.

KEYWORDS

Rectal prolapse - procidentia - perineal proctectomy - Delorme procedure - Altemeier procedure

REFERENCES

• 1 Carley M E, Schaffer J. Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women with Marfan or Ehlers Danlos syndrome.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;  182 (5) 1021-1023
• 2 Karasick S, Spettell C M. The role of parity and hysterectomy on the development of pelvic floor abnormalities revealed by defecography.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;  169 (6) 1555-1558
• 3 Swift S, Woodman P, O'Boyle A et al.. Pelvic Organ Support Study (POSST): the distribution, clinical definition, and epidemiologic condition of pelvic organ support defects.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;  192 (3) 795-806
• 4 Madden M V, Kamm M A, Nicholls R J, Santhanam A N, Cabot R, Speakman C T. Abdominal rectopexy for complete prolapse: prospective study evaluating changes in symptoms and anorectal function.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;  35 (1) 48-55
• 5 Madiba T E, Baig M K, Wexner S D. Surgical management of rectal prolapse.  Arch Surg. 2005;  140 (1) 63-73
• 6 Ramanujam P S, Venkatesh K S. Management of acute incarcerated rectal prolapse.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;  35 (12) 1154-1156
• 7 Kuijpers H C. Treatment of complete rectal prolapse: to narrow, to wrap, to suspend, to fix, to encircle, to plicate or to resect?.  World J Surg. 1992;  16 (5) 826-830
• 8 Gordon P H, Hoexter B. Complications of the Ripstein procedure.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1978;  21 (4) 277-280
• 9 Novell J R, Osborne M J, Winslet M C, Lewis AAM. Prospective randomized trial of Ivalon sponge versus sutured rectopexy for full-thickness rectal prolapse.  Br J Surg. 1994;  81 (6) 904-906
• 10 Frykman H M. Abdominal proctopexy and primary sigmoid resection for rectal procidentia.  Am J Surg. 1955;  90 (5) 780-789
• 11 Jacobs L K, Lin Y J, Orkin B A. The best operation for rectal prolapse.  Surg Clin North Am. 1997;  77 (1) 49-70
• 12 Frykman H M, Goldberg S M. The surgical treatment of rectal procidentia.  Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1969;  129 (6) 1225-1230
• 13 Solla J A, Rothenberger D A, Goldberg S M. Colonic resection in the treatment of complete rectal prolapse.  Neth J Surg. 1989;  41 (6) 132-135
• 14 Stevenson A R, Stitz R W, Lumley J W. Laparoscopic-assisted resection-rectopexy for rectal prolapse: early and medium follow-up.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;  41 (1) 46-54
• 15 Munro W, Avramovic J, Roney W. Laparoscopic rectopexy.  J Laparoendosc Surg. 1993;  3 (1) 55-58
• 16 Solomon M J, Young C J, Eyers A A, Roberts R A. Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic versus open abdominal rectopexy for rectal prolapse.  Br J Surg. 2002;  89 (1) 35-39
• 17 Boccasanta P, Rosati R, Venturi M et al.. Comparison of laparoscopic rectopexy with open technique in the treatment of complete rectal prolapse: clinical and functional results.  Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1998;  8 (6) 460-465
• 18 Ashari L H, Lumley J W, Stevenson ARL, Stitz R W. Laparoscopically-assisted resection rectopexy for rectal prolapse: ten years' experience.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;  48 (5) 982-987
• 19 Kariv Y, Delaney C P, Casillas S et al.. Long term outcomes after laparoscopic and open surgery for rectal prolapse.  Surg Endosc. 2006;  20 35-42
• 20 Takesue Y, Yokoyama T, Murakami Y et al.. The effectiveness of perineal rectosigmoidectomy for the treatment of rectal prolapse in elderly and high-risk patients.  Surg Today. 1999;  29 (3) 290-293
• 21 Agachan F, Reissman P, Pfeifer J, Weiss E G, Nogueras J J, Wexner S D. Comparison of three perineal procedures for the treatment of rectal prolapse.  South Med J. 1997;  90 (9) 925-932
• 22 Prasad M L, Pearl R K, Abcarian H, Orsay C P, Nelson R L. Perineal proctectomy, posterior rectopexy, and postanal levator repair for the treatment of rectal prolapse.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1986;  29 (9) 547-552
• 23 Williams J G, Rothenberger D A, Madoff R D, Goldberg S M. Treatment of rectal prolapse in the elderly by perineal rectosigmoidectomy.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;  35 (9) 830-834
• 24 Mikulicz J. Zur operation behandlung des prolapsus recti et cold invaginati.  Arch Klin Chir. 1889;  38 74-97
• 25 Miles W E. Rectosigmoidectomy as a method of treatment for procidentia recti.  Proc R Soc Med. 1933;  26 (11) 1445-1448
• 26 Altemeier W A. One-stage perineal surgery for complete rectal prolapse.  Hosp Pract. 1972;  7 102-108
• 27 Altemeier W A, Culbertson W R. Technique for perineal repair of rectal prolapse.  Surgery. 1965;  58 758-764
• 28 Altemeier W A, Culbertson W R, Schowengerdt C, Hunt J. Nineteen years' experience with the one-stage perineal repair of rectal prolapse.  Ann Surg. 1971;  173 (6) 993-1006
• 29 Watts J D, Rothenberger D A, Buls J G, Goldberg S M, Nivatvongs S. The management of procidentia. 30 years' experience.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;  28 (2) 96-102
• 30 Johansen O B, Wexner S D, Daniel N, Nogueras J J, Jagelman D G. Perineal rectosigmoidectomy in the elderly.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;  36 (8) 767-772
• 31 Deen K I, Grant E, Billingham C, Keighley MRB. Abdominal resection rectopexy with pelvic floor repair versus perineal rectosigmoidectomy and pelvic floor repair for full-thickness rectal prolapse.  Br J Surg. 1994;  81 (2) 302-304
• 32 Ramanujam P S, Venkatesh K S, Fietz M J. Perineal excision of rectal procidentia in elderly high-risk patients. A ten-year experience.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;  37 (10) 1027-1030
• 33 Kim D-S, Tsang C B, Wong W D, Lowry A C, Goldberg S M, Madoff R D. Complete rectal prolapse: evolution of management and results.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;  42 (4) 460-466 discussion 466-469
• 34 Cutait D. Sacro-promontory fixation of the rectum for complete rectal prolapse.  Proc R Soc Med. 1959;  52 (suppl) 105
• 35 Delorme R. Sur le traitment des prolapses du rectum totaux pour l'excision de la muscueuse rectale ou rectocolique.  Bull Mem Soc Chir Paris. 1900;  26 499-518
• 36 Tobin S A, Scott IHK. Delorme operation for rectal prolapse.  Br J Surg. 1994;  81 (11) 1681-1684
• 37 Senapati A, Nicholls R J, Thomson J P, Phillips R K. Results of Delorme's procedure for rectal prolapse.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;  37 (5) 456-460
• 38 Yakut M, Kaymakçioğlu N, Simşek A, Tan A, Sen D. Surgical treatment of rectal prolapse. A retrospective analysis of 94 cases.  Int Surg. 1998;  83 (1) 53-55
• 39 Pescatori M, Interisano A, Stolfi V M, Zoffoli M. Delorme's operation and sphincteroplasty for rectal prolapse and fecal incontinence.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 1998;  13 (5-6) 223-227
• 40 Lechaux J P, Lechaux D, Perez M. Results of Delorme's procedure for rectal prolapse. Advantages of a modified technique.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;  38 (3) 301-307
• 41 Watts AMI, Thompson M R. Evaluation of Delorme's procedure as a treatment for full-thickness rectal prolapse.  Br J Surg. 2000;  87 (2) 218-222
• 42 Oliver G C, Vachon D, Eisenstat T E, Rubin R J, Salvati E P. Delorme's procedure for complete rectal prolapse in severely debilitated patients. An analysis of 41 cases.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;  37 (5) 461-467
• 43 Kling K M, Rongione A J, Evans B, McFadden D W. The Delorme procedure: a useful operation for complicated rectal prolapse in the elderly.  Am Surg. 1996;  62 (10) 857-860
• 44 Liberman H, Hughes C, Dippolito A. Evaluation and outcome of the Delorme procedure in the treatment of rectal outlet obstruction.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;  43 (2) 188-192
• 45 Sielezneff I, Malouf A, Cesari J, Brunet C, Sarles J C, Sastre B. Selection criteria for internal rectal prolapse repair by Delorme's transrectal excision.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;  42 (3) 367-373
• 46 Thiersch C. Carl Thiersch 1822-1895. Concerning prolapse of the rectum with special emphasis on the operation by Thiersch.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1988;  31 (2) 154-155
• 47 Wassef R, Rothenberger D A, Goldberg S M. Rectal prolapse.  Curr Probl Surg. 1986;  23 (6) 397-451
• 48 Darzi A, Henry M M, Guillou P J, Shorvon P, Monson J R. Stapled laparoscopic rectopexy for rectal prolapse.  Surg Endosc. 1995;  9 (3) 301-303
• 49 Dietzen C D, Pemberton J H. Perineal approaches for the treatment of complete rectal prolapse.  Neth J Surg. 1989;  41 (6) 140-144
• 50 Carter A E. Rectosacral suture fixation for complete rectal prolapse in the elderly, the frail and the demented.  Br J Surg. 1983;  70 (9) 522-523
• 51 Blatchford G J, Perry R E, Thorson A G, Christensen M A. Rectopexy without resection for rectal prolapse.  Am J Surg. 1989;  158 (6) 574-576
• 52 Graf W, Karlbom U, Påhlman L, Nilsson S, Ejerblad S. Functional results after abdominal suture rectopexy for rectal prolapse or intussusception.  Eur J Surg. 1996;  162 (11) 905-911
• 53 Khanna A K, Misra M K, Kumar K. Simplified sutured sacral rectopexy for complete rectal prolapse in adults.  Eur J Surg. 1996;  162 (2) 143-146
• 54 Briel J W, Schouten W R, Boerma M O. Long-term results of suture rectopexy in patients with fecal incontinence associated with incomplete rectal prolapse.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;  40 (10) 1228-1232
• 55 Husa A, Sainio P, von Smitten K. Abdominal rectopexy and sigmoid resection (Frykman-Goldberg operation) for rectal prolapse.  Acta Chir Scand. 1988;  154 (3) 221-224
• 56 Sayfan J, Pinho M, Alexander-Williams J, Keighley MRB. Sutured posterior abdominal rectopexy with sigmoidectomy compared with Marlex rectopexy for rectal prolapse.  Br J Surg. 1990;  77 (2) 143-145
• 57 Luukkonen P, Mikkonen U, Järvinen H. Abdominal rectopexy with sigmoidectomy vs. rectopexy alone for rectal prolapse: a prospective, randomized study.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 1992;  7 (4) 219-222
• 58 McKee R F, Lauder J C, Poon F W, Aitchison M A, Finlay I G. A prospective randomized study of abdominal rectopexy with and without sigmoidectomy in rectal prolapse.  Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992;  174 (2) 145-148
• 59 Tjandra J J, Fazio V W, Church J M, Milsom J W, Oakley J R, Lavery I C. Ripstein procedure is an effective treatment for rectal prolapse without constipation.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;  36 (5) 501-507
• 60 Huber F T, Stein H, Siewert J R. Functional results after treatment of rectal prolapse with rectopexy and sigmoid resection.  World J Surg. 1995;  19 (1) 138-143 discussion 143