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DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1256867
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Beurteilung des koronaren Risikos älterer Ausdauersportler
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
25. Oktober 2011 (online)

Abstract
Regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität reduziert die kardiovaskuläre Morbidität und Mortalität und verbessert die Lebensqualität und das kardiovaskuläre Risikoprofil bei Gesunden und Kranken. Hohe Belastungen sind jedoch mit einem erhöhten Ereignisrisiko assoziiert; ein Phänomen, das als „Paradox of Exercise“ beschrieben wird. In einer großen prospektiven Studie bei > 50-jährigen Marathonläufern haben wir die Ausprägung der subklinischen Arteriosklerose (gemessen als Koronarverkalkung, CAC) und deren Zusammenhang mit traditionellen und neuen Risikofaktoren, mit subklinischen Myokardschädigungen und mit der Prognose untersucht. Wir fanden ein wesentlich günstigeres Risikoprofil bei Marathonläufern als in der gleichaltrigen Allgemeinbevölkerung. Es zeigte sich jedoch eine hierzu diskrepante und unerwartet hohe Prävalenz und Ausprägung der Koronarsklerose. Ferner fanden wir überzufällig häufig Hinweise für einen Myokardschaden. Die Langzeitprognose für Ereignisse stieg mit zunehmender Koronarverkalkung. Zur Evaluation des kardiovaskulären Risikos bei älteren Marathonläufern sollte zusätzlich zum 12-Punkte-Algorithmus der AHA auch das Lipidprofil bestimmt und die Risikofaktorenanamnese erhoben werden. In Einzelfällen sollte weiterführende nicht-invasive Diagnostik einschließlich der modernen bildgebenden Verfahren zur verbesserten Risikostratifikation erwogen werden. Die Läufer sollten sorgfältig über die Symptome einer koronaren Herzkrankheit und die Risiken einer Marathonbelastung aufgeklärt werden.
Kernaussagen
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Durch regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität werden die meisten kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren günstig beeinflusst. Ein langjähriges Ausdauertraining könnte dabei einen noch positiveren Effekt haben, als dies aus kontrollierten prospektiven Studien bisher deutlich wurde.
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Koronarkalk ist ein Maß für die Ausprägung der koronaren Atherosklerose. Er verbessert die prognostische Trennschärfe für koronare und kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse jenseits der etablierten kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren.
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Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass regelmäßiges Marathonlaufen bei Läufern ohne Atherosklerose vor dem Auftreten einer Atherosklerose schützt. Dennoch wird die Ausprägung der koronaren Atherosklerose bei Marathonläufern eher unterschätzt, möglicherweise weil nicht wenige Marathonläufer in jüngeren Lebensjahren geraucht haben und/oder anderen Risikofaktoren ausgesetzt waren.
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Bei Marathonläufern kommen sowohl ein peripheres atherosklerotisches Remodeling als auch ein metabolisch bedingtes Remodeling vor.
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Geschädigtes Myokard (im Sinne von Strukturschäden, wie sie durch LGE nachweisbar sind) ist bei Marathonläufern häufiger als bei altersentsprechenden Personen. Die Zahl der absolvierten Marathonwettkämpfe und die Kalklast korreliert mit der Prävalenz des LGE.
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Zur Risikoeinschätzung auch älterer Marathonläufer und Ausdauersportler sollte zunächst der 12-Punkte-Algorithmus verwendet werden, der durch die Lipidwerte und Nüchtern-Glukosewerte ergänzt wird. Selbst mit zusätzlichem Ruhe- und Belastungs-EKG bleibt jedoch die subklinische KHK einiger Sportler unerkannt.
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Selbst bei großzügiger Indikationsstellung einer kardiovaskulären Bildgebung und entsprechenden Vorsichtsmaßnahmen (individuelle Trainingspläne, keine Maximalbelastung, Aufklärung der Sportler) bleibt ein kardiales Restrisiko bei jeder Art der körperlichen Aktivität.
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Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Stefan Möhlenkamp
Krankenhaus Bethanien Moers
Medizinische Klinik
II
Kardiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin
Bethanienstr. 21
47441 Moers
eMail: stefan.moehlenkamp@bethanienmoers.de