RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1256867
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Beurteilung des koronaren Risikos älterer Ausdauersportler
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
25. Oktober 2011 (online)

Abstract
Regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität reduziert die kardiovaskuläre Morbidität und Mortalität und verbessert die Lebensqualität und das kardiovaskuläre Risikoprofil bei Gesunden und Kranken. Hohe Belastungen sind jedoch mit einem erhöhten Ereignisrisiko assoziiert; ein Phänomen, das als „Paradox of Exercise“ beschrieben wird. In einer großen prospektiven Studie bei > 50-jährigen Marathonläufern haben wir die Ausprägung der subklinischen Arteriosklerose (gemessen als Koronarverkalkung, CAC) und deren Zusammenhang mit traditionellen und neuen Risikofaktoren, mit subklinischen Myokardschädigungen und mit der Prognose untersucht. Wir fanden ein wesentlich günstigeres Risikoprofil bei Marathonläufern als in der gleichaltrigen Allgemeinbevölkerung. Es zeigte sich jedoch eine hierzu diskrepante und unerwartet hohe Prävalenz und Ausprägung der Koronarsklerose. Ferner fanden wir überzufällig häufig Hinweise für einen Myokardschaden. Die Langzeitprognose für Ereignisse stieg mit zunehmender Koronarverkalkung. Zur Evaluation des kardiovaskulären Risikos bei älteren Marathonläufern sollte zusätzlich zum 12-Punkte-Algorithmus der AHA auch das Lipidprofil bestimmt und die Risikofaktorenanamnese erhoben werden. In Einzelfällen sollte weiterführende nicht-invasive Diagnostik einschließlich der modernen bildgebenden Verfahren zur verbesserten Risikostratifikation erwogen werden. Die Läufer sollten sorgfältig über die Symptome einer koronaren Herzkrankheit und die Risiken einer Marathonbelastung aufgeklärt werden.
Kernaussagen
-
Durch regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität werden die meisten kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren günstig beeinflusst. Ein langjähriges Ausdauertraining könnte dabei einen noch positiveren Effekt haben, als dies aus kontrollierten prospektiven Studien bisher deutlich wurde.
-
Koronarkalk ist ein Maß für die Ausprägung der koronaren Atherosklerose. Er verbessert die prognostische Trennschärfe für koronare und kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse jenseits der etablierten kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren.
-
Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass regelmäßiges Marathonlaufen bei Läufern ohne Atherosklerose vor dem Auftreten einer Atherosklerose schützt. Dennoch wird die Ausprägung der koronaren Atherosklerose bei Marathonläufern eher unterschätzt, möglicherweise weil nicht wenige Marathonläufer in jüngeren Lebensjahren geraucht haben und/oder anderen Risikofaktoren ausgesetzt waren.
-
Bei Marathonläufern kommen sowohl ein peripheres atherosklerotisches Remodeling als auch ein metabolisch bedingtes Remodeling vor.
-
Geschädigtes Myokard (im Sinne von Strukturschäden, wie sie durch LGE nachweisbar sind) ist bei Marathonläufern häufiger als bei altersentsprechenden Personen. Die Zahl der absolvierten Marathonwettkämpfe und die Kalklast korreliert mit der Prävalenz des LGE.
-
Zur Risikoeinschätzung auch älterer Marathonläufer und Ausdauersportler sollte zunächst der 12-Punkte-Algorithmus verwendet werden, der durch die Lipidwerte und Nüchtern-Glukosewerte ergänzt wird. Selbst mit zusätzlichem Ruhe- und Belastungs-EKG bleibt jedoch die subklinische KHK einiger Sportler unerkannt.
-
Selbst bei großzügiger Indikationsstellung einer kardiovaskulären Bildgebung und entsprechenden Vorsichtsmaßnahmen (individuelle Trainingspläne, keine Maximalbelastung, Aufklärung der Sportler) bleibt ein kardiales Restrisiko bei jeder Art der körperlichen Aktivität.
Literatur
- 1
Haskell W L, Lee I M, Pate R R et al.
Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation
for adults from the ACSM and the AHA.
Circulation.
2007;
116
1081-1093
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 2
Kojda G, Hambrecht R.
Molecular mechanisms of vascular adaptations to exercise.
Physical activity as an effective antioxidant therapy?.
Cardiovasc Res.
2005;
67
187-197
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 3
Mittleman M A, Maclure M, Tofler G H et al.
Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical
exertion: protection against triggering by regular exertion.
N Engl J Med.
1993;
329
1677-1683
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 4
Mora S, Cook N, Buring J E et al.
Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events.
Potential mediating mechanisms.
Circulation.
2007;
116(19)
2110-2118
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 5
Thompson P D, Buchner D, Piña I L et al.
Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and
treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A statement from the
Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and
Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism
(Subcommittee on Physical Activity).
Circulation..
2003;
107(24)
3109-3116
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 6
Thompson P D, Franklin B A, Balady G J et al.
Exercise and acute cardiovascular events. Placing the risks
into perspective. A scientific statement from the AHA council on nutrition,
physical activity, and metabolism and the council on clinical cardiology. In
collaboration with the American College of Sports Medicine.
Circulation.
2007;
115(17)
2358-2368
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 7
Albert C M, Mittleman M A, Chae C U et al.
Triggering of sudden death by vigorous exercise.
N Engl J Med.
2000;
343(19)
1355-1361
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 8
Maron B J, Shirani J, Poliac L C et al.
Sudden death in young competitive athletes: clinical,
demographic and pathological profiles.
JAMA.
1996;
276
199-204
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 9
Roberts W O, Maron B J.
Evidence for decreasing occurrence of sudden cardiac death
associated with the marathon.
JACC.
2005;
46
1374-1375
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 10
Siscovick D S, Weiss N S, Fletcher R H, Lasky T.
The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous
exercise.
N Engl J Med.
1984;
311
874-877
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 11
Tunstall Pedoe D S.
Marathon cardiac deaths: the London experience.
Sports Med.
2007;
37(4–5)
448-450
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 12
Van Camp S P, Bloor C M, Mueller F O et al.
Nontraumatic sports death in high school and college
athletes.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1995;
27
641-647
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 13
Maron B J, Thompson P D, Ackerman M J et al.
Recommendations and considerations related to
pre-participation screening for cardiovascular abnormalities in competitive
athletes: 2007 update: A scientific statement from the American Heart
Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism:endorsed
by
the American College of Cardiology Foundation.
Circulation.
2007;
115
1643-1655
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 14
Borjesson M, Urhausen A, Kouidi E et al.
Cardiovascular evaluation of middle-aged/senior individuals
engaged in leisure-time sport activities:position stand from the sections of
exercise physiology and sports cardiology of the European Association of
Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation.
Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil.
2011;
DOI: ; DOI: 10.1097/HJR.Ob013e32833bo969
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 15
Maron B J, Araújo C GS, Thompson P D et al.
Recommendations for preparticipation screening and the
assessment of cardiovascular disease in master athletes:An advisory for
healthcare professionals from the working groups of the World Heart Federation,
the International Federation of Sports Medicine, and the American Heart
Association Committee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention.
Circulation.
2001;
103
327-334
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 16
Pelliccia A, Zipes D P, Maron B J.
Bethesda Conference 36 and the European Society of Cardiology
Consensus Recommendations revisited a comparison of U.S. and European criteria
for eligibility and disqualification of competitive athletes with
cardiovascular abnormalities.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2008;
52(24)
1990-1996
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 17
Pelliccia A.
The preparticipation cardiovascular screening of competitive
athletes: is it time to change the customary clinical practice?.
Eur Heart J.
2007;
28(22)
2703-2705
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 18
Ljungqvist A, Jenoure P, Engebretsen L et al.
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) Consensus Statement
on periodic health evaluation of elite athletes March 2009.
Br J Sports Med.
2009;
43(9)
631-643
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 19
Corrado D, Schmied C, Basso C et al.
Risk of sports: do we need a pre-participation screening for
competitive and leisure athletes?.
Eur Heart J.
2011;
32(8)
934-944
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 20
Borjesson M, Serratosa L, Carre F et al.
Consensus document regarding cardiovascular safety at sports
arenas: Position stand from the European Association of Cardiovascular
Prevention and Rehabilitation (EACPR), section of Sports Cardiology.
Eur Heart J.
2011;
32(17)
2119-2124
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 21
Möhlenkamp S, Schmermund A, Kröger K et al.
Coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk in masters
male marathon runners. Rationale and design of the „Marathon
Study“.
Herz.
2006;
31(6)
575-585
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 22
Möhlenkamp S, Erbel R, Heusch G.
Risk stratification for coronary atherosclerosis in marathon
runners.
Eur Cardio Vasc Disease.
2008;
4(1)
23-26
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 23
Wilson P W, D"Agostino R B, Levy D et al.
Prediction of CHD using risk factor categories.
Circulation.
1998;
97
1837-1847
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 24
Assmann G, Cullen P, Schulte H.
Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute
coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the PROCAM study.
Circulation.
2002;
105
310-315
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 25
Conroy R M, Pyorala K, Fitzgerald A P et al.
Estimation of 10-year risk of fatal CVD in Europe: the SCORE
project.
Eur Heart J.
2003;
24
987-1003
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 26
European Guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice:
Executive summary. Fourth Joint Task Force of the ESC and other societies on
CVD prevention in clinical practice (Constituted by representatives of nine
societies and by invited experts).
Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab.
2007;
14(Supp.2)
1-40
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 27
Smith S C, Greenland P, Grundy S M.
Prevention Conference V – Beyond secondary prevention:
Identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention – executive
summary.
Circulation.
2000;
101
111-116
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 28
Grundy S M, Cleeman J I, Merz C N et al.
Implications of recent clinical trials for the NCEP/ATP III
guidelines.
JACC.
2004;
44
720-732
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 29
Greenland P, Alpert J S, Beller G A et al.
2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk
in asymptomatic adults: a report of the ACC Foundation / AHA Task Force on
Practice Guidelines.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2010;
56(25)
50-103
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 30
Maron B J, Douglas P S, Graham T P et al.
Task Force 1: Preparticipation screening and diagnosis of
cardiovascular disease in athletes.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2005;
45
1322-1326
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 31 Boldt F, Hansel J, Huonker M et al. Leitlinie Vorsorgeuntersuchung im Sport. Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Sportmedizin und Prävention e. V. 2007. Im Internet: http://www.germanroadraces.de/files/leitlinie2404.pdf zuletzt aufgerufen am 29.8.2011
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 32
Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad H H et al.
Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young
competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common
European protocol: consensus statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology
of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the
Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society
of
Cardiology.
Eur Heart J.
2005;
26
516-524
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 33
Bille K, Figueiras D, Schamasch P et al.
Sudden cardiac death in athletes: the Lausanne
Recommendations.
Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil.
2006;
13(6)
859-875
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 34
Pelliccia A, Fagard R, Bjørnstad H H et al.
A ESC consensus document: recommendations for competitive
sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease.
Eur Heart J.
2005;
26
1422-1445
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 35
Thompson P D, Balady G J, Chaitman B R et al.
Task force 6: Coronary Artery Disease.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2005;
45(8)
1348-1353
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 36
Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Heidbuchel H et al.
Section of Sports Cardiology, European Association of
Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Recommendations for
interpretation of 12-lead electrocardiogram in the athlete.
Eur Heart J.
2010;
31(2)
243-259
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 37
Drezner J, Corrado D.
Is there evidence for recommending electrocardiogram as part
of the pre-participation examination?.
Clin J Sport Med.
2011;
21(1)
18-24
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 38
George K P, Naylor L H, Whyte G P et al.
Diastolic function in healthy humans: non-invasive assessment
and the impact of acute and chronic exercise.
Eur J Appl Physiol.
2010;
108(1)
1-14
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 39
Lauschke J, Maisch B.
Athlete's heart or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?.
Clin Res Cardiol.
2009;
98(2)
80-88
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 40
Magalski A, McCoy M, Zabel M et al.
Cardiovascular screening with electrocardiography and
echocardiography in collegiate athletes.
Am J Med.
2011;
124(6)
511-518
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 41
Rowland T.
Echocardiography and circulatory response to progressive
endurance exercise.
Sports Med.
2008;
38(7)
541-551
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 42
Stout M.
Athletes' heart and echocardiography: athletes'
heart.
Echocardiography.
2008;
25(7)
749-754
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 43
Loeys B L, Dietz H C, Braverman A C et al.
The revised Ghent nosology for the Marfan syndrome.
J Med Genet.
2010;
47(7)
476-485
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 44
Möhlenkamp S, Böse D, Mahabadi A A et al.
On the paradox of exercise: coronary atherosclerosis in an
apparently healthy marathon runner.
Nature Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med.
2007;
4(7)
396-401
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 45
Graham T P, Driscoll D J, Gersony W M et al.
Task Force 2: Congenital heart disease.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2005;
45
1326-1333
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 46
Maron B J.
The paradox of exercise.
N Engl J Med.
2000;
343
1409-1411
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 47
Erbel R, Möhlenkamp S, Lehmann N et al.
Kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren und Zeichen subklinischer
Atherosklerose – Daten der bevölkerungsbezogenen
Heinz-Nixdorf-Recall-Studie.
Dtsch Ärztebl.
2008;
105(1/2)
1-8
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 48
Möhlenkamp S, Moebus S, Schmermund A et al.
für die Studiengruppe der Heinz Nixdorf Recall
Studie.
Assessment of the natural history of coronary artery
calcification and identification of its determinants. Rationale of the 2nd part
of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study.
Herz.
2007;
32(2)
108-120
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 49
Leon A S, Rice T, Mandel S et al.
Blood lipid response to 20 weeks of supervised exercise in a
large biracial population: the HERITAGE Family Study.
Metabolism.
2000;
49
513-520
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 50
Leon A S, Sanchez O.
Meta-analysis of the effects of aerobic exercise training on
blood lipids.
Circulation.
2001;
104(suppl II)
414-415
(Abstract)
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 51
Marcus B H, Albrecht A E, King T K et al.
The efficacy of exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in
women: a randomized controlled trial.
Arch Intern Med.
1999;
159
1229-1234
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 52
Wing R R, Hill J O.
Successful weight loss maintenance.
Annu Rev Nutr.
2001;
21
323-341
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 53
Knowler W C, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler S E , et al.
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle
intervention or metformin.
N Engl J Med.
2002;
346
393-403
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 54
Erbel R, Möhlenkamp S, Moebus S , et al.
Coronary risk stratification, discrimination, and
reclassification improvement based on quantification of subclinical coronary
atherosclerosis.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2010;
56
1397-1406
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 55
Polonsky T S, McClelland R L, Jorgensen N W et al.
Coronary Artery Calcium Score and risk classification for
coronary heart disease prediction.
JAMA.
2010;
303
1610-1616
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 56
Elias-Smale S E, Vliegenhart Proencža R, Koller M T et al.
Coronary calcium score improves classification of coronary
heart disease risk in the elderly. The Rotterdam Study.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2010;
56
1407-1414
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 57
Möhlenkamp S, Lehmann N, Greenland P , et al.
Coronary artery calcium score improves cardiovascular risk
prediction in persons without indication for statin therapy.
Atherosclerosis.
2011;
215(1)
229-236
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 58
Möhlenkamp S, Lehmann N, Moebus S et al.
Quantification of coronary atherosclerosis and inflammation
to predict coronary events and all-cause mortality.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2011;
57(13)
1455-1464
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 59
Noakes T D, Opie L H, Rose A G et al.
Autopsy-proved coronary atherosclerosis in marathon
runners.
N Engl J Med.
1979;
301
86-89
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 60
Burke A P, Farb A, Malcom G T et al.
Plaque rupture and sudden death related to exertion in men
with CAD.
JAMA.
1999;
281
921-926
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 61
Virmani R, Robinowitz M, McAllister H A.
Nontraumatic death in joggers. A series of 30 patients at
autopsy.
Am J Med.
1982;
72
874-882
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 62
Ciampricotti R, Deckers J W, Taverne R et al.
Characteristics of conditioned and sedentary men with acute
coronary syndromes.
Am J Cardiol.
1994;
73
219-222
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 63
Giri S, Thompson P D, Kiernan F J et al.
Clinical and angiographic characteristics of exertion-related
acute myocardial infarction.
JAMA.
1999;
282
1731-1736
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 64
Schwartz J G, Merkel-Kraus S, Duval S et al.
Does longterm endurance running enhance or inhibit coronary
artery plaque formation? A prospective multidetector CTA study of men
completing marathons for least 25 consecutive years.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2010;
55(10A)
173-1624
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 65
Kröger K, Lehmann N, Rappaport L et al.
Carotid and Peripheral Atherosclerosis in Male Marathon
Runners.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
2011;
43(7)
1142-1147
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 66
Schmidt-Trucksass A, Schmid A, Brunner C et al.
Arterial properties of the carotid and femoral artery in
endurance-trained and paraplegic subjects.
J Appl Physiol.
2000;
89
1956-1963
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 67
Huonker M, Schmid A, Schmidt-Trucksass A et al.
Size and blood flow of central and peripheral arteries in
highly trained able-bodied and disabled athletes.
J Appl Physiol.
2003;
95
685-691
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 68
Wijnen J A, Kuipers H, Kool M J et al.
Vessel wall properties of large arteries in trained and
sedentary subjects.
Basic Res Cardiol.
1991;
86(Suppl 1)
25-29
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 69
Hunold P, Schlosser T, Vogt F M et al.
Myocardial late enhancement in contrast-enhanced cardiac MRI:
distinction between infarction scar and non-infarction-related disease.
Am J Roentgenol.
2005;
184(5)
1420-1426
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 70
Kwong R Y, Chan A K, Brown K A et al.
Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac
MRI on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of
CAD.
Circulation.
2006;
113(23)
2733-2743
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 71
Bruder O, Wagner A, Jensen C J et al.
Myocardial scar visualized by cardiovascular magnetic
resonance imaging predicts major adverse events in patients with hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2010;
56(11)
875-887
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 72
Breuckmann F, Möhlenkamp S, Nassenstein K et al.
Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement: prevalence, pattern,
and prognostic relevance in marathon runners.
Radiology.
2009;
251(1)
50-57
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 73
Möhlenkamp S, Lehmann N, Breuckmann F et al.
Running: the risk of coronary events -- Prevalence and
prognostic relevance of coronary atherosclerosis in marathon runners.
Eur Heart J.
2008;
29(15)
1903-1910
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 74
Wilson M, O’Hanlon R, Basavarajaiah S et al.
Cardiovascular function and the veteran athlete.
Eur J Appl Physiol.
2010;
110
459-478
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 75
Heusch G, Kleinbongard P, Böse D et al.
Coronary microembolization: from bedside to bench and back to
bedside.
Circulation.
2009;
120(18)
1822-1836
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 76
Bärtsch P.
Platelet activation with exercise and risk of cardiac
events.
Lancet.
1999;
354
1747-1748
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 77
Siegel A J, Stec J J, Lipinska I, Van Cott E M et al.
Effect of marathon running on inflammatory and hemostatic
markers.
Am J Cardiol.
2001;
88(8)
918-920
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 78
Sucker C, Zotz R B, Senft B et al.
Exercise-Induced hemostatic alterations are detectable by
rotation thrombelastography (ROTEM): A marathon study.
Clin Appl Thromb Hemost.
2010;
16(5)
543-548
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 79
Thompson P D, Funk E J, Carleton R A, Sturner W Q.
Incidence of death during jogging in Rhode Island from 1975
through 1980.
JAMA.
1982;
247
2535-2538
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 80
Gohlke H, Kübler W, Mathes P et al.
Position paper on the primary prevention of cardiovascular
disease.
Z Kardiol.
2005;
94 (Suppl. 3)
III/113-115)
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 81
National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel
on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults
(Adult Treatment Panel III) .
Third Report.
Circulation.
2002;
106
3143-3421
NCEP guidelines risk calculator
http://hin.nhlbi.nih.gov/atpiii/calculator.asp
Aufruf am 29.8.2011
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 82
Gibbons R J, Balady G J, Bricker J T et al.
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise
Testing Guidelines. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary
article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart
Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997
Exercise Testing Guidelines).
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2002;
40(8)
1531-1540
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 83 American College of Sports Medicine .Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 7th ed. Baltimore, Md: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
- 84
Nassenstein K, Breuckmann F, Lehmann N et al.
Left ventricular volumes and mass in marathon runners and
their association with cardiovascular risk factors.
Int J Cardiovasc Imaging.
2009;
25(1)
71-79
Reference Ris Wihthout Link
Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Stefan Möhlenkamp
Krankenhaus Bethanien Moers
Medizinische Klinik
II
Kardiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin
Bethanienstr. 21
47441 Moers
eMail: stefan.moehlenkamp@bethanienmoers.de