The composite face-lift is a well-described technique for comprehensive facial rejuvenation
that includes tissue repositioning of every part of the aging face.[1] The most distinct characteristic separating this from all other face-lifts is the
movement of the cheek and malar tissues in a superior-medial vector instead of a superior-lateral
vector and arcus marginalis release and septal reset in which the septum orbitale
is sutured over the orbital rim (Figs. [1–2]). These two distinguishing factors (superior-medial vector of the cheek and arcus
marginalis release with septal reset) are the critical maneuvers that distinguish
a composite face-lift from a conventional procedure.
Figure 1 The composite face-lift vector is superior-medial.
Figure 2 The composite face-lift includes a septal reset that prevents a hollow lower eyelid.
Conventional procedures are defined as subcutaneous or skin lifts, SMAS and deep plane
or malar fat procedures. All of these face-lift techniques share similar superior-lateral
tissue repositioning (Fig. [3]). The superior-medial vector of the composite face-lift “balances” the superior-lateral
vector of the lower face (an unopposed vector in conventional face-lifts) yielding
a true, “balanced vector face-lift.” This represents a logical anatomically sound
and well-established technique for harmonious facial rejuvenation of the aging face.
Figure 3 All conventional face-lifts are lateral vector face-lifts.
The advantage of the composite face-lift extends to rejuvenation of the previously
face-lifted patient. The “hollow eye” and “lateral sweep” are common results that
appear after conventional, superior-lateral vector face-lifts[2]
[3] (Fig. [4]). An unopposed lateral vector or SMAS lift can create a strong pull on the lower
face without the balancing medial vector movement of the cheek. The composite face-lift
can effectively reverse these undesirable effects after a previous face-lift.
Figure 4 The traditional lower blepharoplasty usually includes orbital fat removal.
The aim of the composite face-lift is to reverse the normal course of aging, which
includes the skeletonization of the periorbital area as the soft tissue changes lead
to the appearance of the underlying bony anatomy (Fig. [5]). The soft tissue contour of the lower eyelid becomes concave, and an “eye socket”
slowly develops. The vertical height of the lower eyelid elongates, and the eyelid
cheek junction becomes clearly defined.[4] The composite face-lift with its arcus marginalis release and septal reset attempts
to reestablish the youthful appearance of the lower eyelid cheek junction, creating
a convex lower eyelid contour.
Figure 5 (A) Removal of orbital fat can (B) create a hollow lower eyelid.
The composite face-lift technique has evolved in a well-documented fashion over 25
years when the senior author began performing the Skoog face-lift. This was followed
by a modification in 1978, ‘The Tri-Plane Facelift,” which added a preplatysmal cervical
dissection separating the preplatysmal fat from the lower face.[5] In 1985, the cheek fat or malar fat was added to the face-lift flap and was published
as the “Deep Plane” face-lift.[6] It was not until 1990 that the orbicularis oculi was added to the face-lift flap
in the first attempt to create a more youthful eyelid junction. This was the first
published use of the term “composite face-lift,” as the flap contained skin, muscle,
and fat.
The lower eyelid fat was first manipulated by the senior author in 1991 by releasing
the fat and suturing it across the orbital rim. The arcus marginalis was released
with this additional maneuver although the septum orbitale was excised.[7] In 1996, the technique was further modified to include the zygomaticus major muscle
in the flap as well with the orbicularis oculi muscle. This was published as the “Zygorbicular
Dissection” for midface elevation.[8] At the same time, this technique included a modification to the orbital fat transfer
with the septum orbitale included with the fat transfer below the orbital rim. This
was then more clearly described as the septal reset technique.
Recent additions to the technique include a more forceful elevation of the cheek mass
following the septal reset with fixation of the cheek mass to the inferior orbital
rim periosteum. This has created an even more youthful malar cheek complex with soft
tissue auto-augmentation of the cheek. Another noteworthy change is that the original
composite face-lift included a Skoog dissection[9] (i.e., the skin and SMAS were moved together without separation): Because the key
to harmonious facial rejuvenation is the balancing of the lateral vector of the cheek
movement with a superior-medial vector of the cheek, the SMAS dissection is often
irrelevant in contributing to this harmonious appearance. Therefore, a SMAS dissection
is not always performed with the composite face-lift.
The advantage of composite face-lift is a more harmonious and youthful appearance
without the stigma of a face-lifted or surgical appearance (Fig. [6]). The disadvantage, as in all cases of advanced surgery, is the associated learning
curve. A more complete rejuvenation also requires more time and surgical effort associated
with a slightly longer recovery. Patients who understand the advantage of the composite
lift will accept the slightly longer recovery time knowing that the results will be
worthwhile, long lasting, and will avoid the “face-lifted” look.
Figure 6 Lateral vector face-lift can in time produce a “lateral sweep,” or pull of the lower
face.
INDICATIONS
INDICATIONS
The composite rhytidectomy is ideal as a primary procedure. Lower eyelid and cheek
tissue repositioning reverses the aging and inevitable skeletonization of the periorbital
region (Fig. [7]). The superior-medial vector of the midface movement may cause redundancy in the
midface region, and therefore repositioning the temple/forehead region may be an obligatory
portion of the procedure.[10]
[11] As a procedure for secondary face-lift, the composite rhytidectomy has been shown
to correct the unattractive signs after conventional face-lifts. This includes the
improvement of the hollow eye after lower eyelid fat removal and the lateral sweep/pulled
face often seen after conventional face-lifts that utilize only the lateral vector
approach. The arcus marginalis release and septal reset combined with the superior-medial
vector movement of the cheek lift may restore the natural contours of the face after
the “unbalanced” pull of conventional operative techniques.[12]
Figure 7 There is a progressive skeletonization of the periorbit, which became apparent about
the end of the third decade.
Patients undergoing facial rejuvenation have a preoperative medical evaluation appropriate
for their age and medical conditions to clear them for elective surgery. Most procedures
are done under a light general anesthetic. Intravenous sedation is rarely used.
Specific attention is given to preexisting ophthalmologic problems such as a history
of dry eyes or previous eyelid surgery. Postoperative expectations for eye care including
an extended period of using eye lubricant drops and protection from conditions that
will dry out the eye are emphasized.
PREOPERATIVE MARKINGS
PREOPERATIVE MARKINGS
The facial topography is marked preoperatively in a sitting position (Fig. [8]). This includes the mandibular border, and course the zygomaticus major/minor muscle
from the malar eminence to the corner of the mouth and the alar base. These landmarks
will shift in a supine operative position. The extent of the neck dissection is delineated
by the anterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle laterally, the sternal notch
inferiorly, and the mandibular margin superiorly. The preauricular incisions for the
composite rhytidectomy are essentially the same as for conventional procedures including
a retrotragal incision and a postauricular incision extending along or into the postauricular
hairline for exposure. A hairline forehead incision is made in the appropriate cases
where the forehead is high or a coronal incision made in patients with normal forehead
height.
Figure 8 The markings on the face include the jawline and the zygomaticus muscles.
TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
Composite rhytidectomy includes dissections in the following planes (Fig. [9]):
Figure 9 There are three mesenteries created on the face that contain the motor nerves.
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Subcutaneous/preplatysmal neck dissection
-
Subcutaneous or sub-SMAS dissection in the lower face
-
Zygo-orbicular dissection through a subciliary/lower eyelid incision
-
Subgaleal forehead/temporal dissection
The knowledge of facial anatomy is obviously essential to any face-lift technique,
and the composite face-lift is no different. The facial dissection superficial to
the zygomaticus major or the deep plane is safe as the nerves in the mimic muscle
into the muscle from the underside. The zygo-orbicular dissection is perhaps the most
difficult to describe. One must retain a mesentery between the zygo-orbicular dissection
(subciliary approach) and the face-lift dissection. This mesentery contains the branches
to the nerves and orbicularis muscle and is called the meso-orbicularis. Finally,
the frontal branch of the facial nerve is found on the undersurface of the forehead
flap and is protected by meso-temporalis the mesentery that separates the face and
forehead dissection. The subgaleal dissection is obviously deep to this branch.
The surgical sequence is described as follows:
-
1. Upper eyelid blepharoplasty
-
• Premeasured skin and a modest strip of orbicularis muscle are removed, and medial/middle
fat compartments are conservatively trimmed as indicated. Closure of upper eyelid
incisions leaving the lateral one-quarter of the incision open for subsequent fixation
of the lower eyelid orbicularis flap to the lateral orbital rim.
-
2. Neck dissection
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• Subcutaneous dissection as previously mentioned, with platysma muscle identification.
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3. Right cheek dissection and postauricular neck dissection
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• Deep plane dissection just superficial to the zygomaticus muscle, leaving the cheek
fat with the overlying skin flap. The face-lift dissection is carried into the preplatysmal
or subcutaneous neck dissection. The right hemi-forehead incision and subgaleal elevation
is also performed.
-
4. Right lower eyelid subciliary incision/zygo-orbicular cheek dissection
-
• A subciliary incision is made with 6 to 7 mm of pretarsal orbicularis preserved
with the initial skin flap, followed by a suborbicularis dissection performed by hugging
the undersurface of the orbicularis muscle and continuing with a pre-periosteal dissection
deep to the zygomaticus muscle, but maintaining the origin of the muscles. At this
point, an arcus marginalis release is done, and excess fat may be resected if indicated.
A canthopexy or canthoplasty is then performed depending on the preoperative assessment
of canthal/lower lid position. A canthoplasty includes division of the complete lateral
canthal tendon and reattachment to the periosteum or with osseous drill hole fixation
to the lateral orbital rim. The septal reset over the orbital rim is accomplished
using 5-0 Vicryl.
-
5. The left face, retroauricular, and hemi-forehead elevation is done in the same
fashion as the right side. The left lower eyelid and cheek dissections and septal
reset is done as in the right side.
-
6. An open coronal or hairline subgaleal forehead dissection with resection of the
corrugator muscles is done. Endoscopic forehead lifts are not utilized.
-
7. The platysmal anterior borders are closed with a running “corset” closure using
3-0 Vicryl. If indicated, the fat is excised from the skin flap with scissors. Liposuction
is rarely done.
CLOSURE
CLOSURE
-
• The right cheek lift closure is done following temporary fixation of the forehead
with a towel clip to simulate a forehead lift. A laterally based orbicularis flap
is passed under the lateral raphe and sutured to the periosteum of the lateral orbital
rim with 4-0 Monocryl. The final skin trim is delayed until all closures are complete.
-
• The right face-lift closure is done using a subcuticular 3-0 Monocryl subcuticular
retroauricular and a 4-0 Monocryl subcuticular retrotragal. The left cheek lift closure
is done exactly as the right side was done, with a towel clip in the brow lift.
-
• The left face-lift closure is done in the same fashion as the right side.
-
• The submental incision closure is done using 5-0 running nylon and a Jackson Pratt
drain placement. The drain exits the right lateral lower neck using a trochar.
-
• Forehead lift closure is done using a running 3-0 Monocryl galeal closure and then
staples in the skin.
-
• The lower eyelid skin trim is the last maneuver using 6-0 nylon for the dogleg
and rapid-dissolving 6-0 catgut for the subciliary incision.
OPERATIVE STEPS
OPERATIVE STEPS
-
• The superior-medial vector cheek lift dictates an obligatory forehead lift done
in a superomedial direction.
-
• A “deep plane” face-lift, which leaves all cheek fat with the skin, is done to
elevate the malar fat with the skin so it can be moved with the skin toward the orbit.
-
• Depending on the anatomy, the orbital fat is preserved, and the septum is reset
over the orbital rim after a canthoplasty is done. In some cases, excess fat must
be excised.
-
• At closure, following intial fixation of the brow, the first tension is set on
the zygo-orbicular flap attachment (i.e., lower eyelid/cheek lift). The second tension
is set on the upper face attachment to the helix. The SMAS fixation if used is last,
and must be countered and overcome by the zygo-orbicular closure to prevent an eventual
lateral sweep. Frequently, the SMAS is not elevated.
-
• The tension on the obligatory forehead lift closure is superior-medial, and must
be strong enough to prevent bunching at the lateral canthal area.
-
• A Jackson Pratt drain is left in the neck for 24 hours.
RESULTS
RESULTS
-
• Primary composite lift in a 60-year-old woman who has excellent skin and normal
balance of facial structures. Note the high cheek mass and postoperative facial harmony
(Fig. [10]).
-
• Primary face-lift with previous rhinoplasty resulting in a foreshortened nose.
The patient also has an overbite. Composite face-lift with chin implant and secondary
rhinoplasty for nasal lengthening (Fig. [11]).[12]
-
• Primary face-lift in a 73-year-old man with malar crescent deformity. There has
been a total correction of the excessive orbicularis and obliteration of the eyelid-cheek
junction (Fig. [12]).
-
• Primary face-lift with excessive jowling from lower facial fat excess. Open defatting
of preplatysmal fat of the lower face creating a better jawline. Note the eyelid cheek
junction (Fig. [13]).
-
• Previous face-lift resulting in hollow eyes and a malar crescent. Hairline forehead
lift and composite face-lift for correction of hollow eyes and malar crescent deformity
(Fig. [14]).
-
• Primary face-lift with panfacial aging including high forehead and hollow eyes.
Seven years following composite face-lift with hairline-lowering brow lift and dermabrasion
of the upper lip (Fig. [15]).
-
• Advanced aging of the periorbital area. One year following periorbital rejuvenation
with composite face-lift. Side-by-side evaluation of eyelid results (Fig. [16]).
Figure 10 (A) Primary composite lift in a 60-year-old woman who has excellent skin and normal
balance of facial structures. (B) Note the high cheek mass and postoperative facial
harmony.
Figure 11 (A) Primary face-lift with previous rhinoplasty resulting in a foreshortened nose.
The patient also has an overbite. (B) Composite face-lift with chin implant and secondary
rhinoplasty for nasal lengthening.[12]
Figure 12 (A) Primary face-lift in a 73-year-old man with malar crescent deformity. (B) There
has been a total correction of the excessive orbicularis and obliteration of the eyelid-cheek
junction.
Figure 13 (A) Primary face-lift with excessive jowling from lower facial fat excess. (B) Open
defatting of preplatysmal fat of the lower face creating a better jawline. Note the
eyelid cheek junction.
Figure 14 (A) Previous face-lift resulting in hollow eyes and a malar crescent. (B) Hairline
forehead lift and composite face-lift for correction of hollow eyes and malar crescent
deformity.
Figure 15 (A) Primary face-lift with panfacial aging including high forehead and hollow eyes.
(B) Seven years following composite face-lift with hairline-lowering brow lift and
dermabrasion of the upper lip.
Figure 16 (A) Advanced aging of the periorbital area. (B) One year following periorbital rejuvenation
with composite face-lift. (C) Side-by-side evaluation of eyelid results.
Pitfalls and How to Correct
The morbidity of this procedure compared with that of the conventional procedure is
almost exclusively a question of symptoms concerning the eyelids. Because the movement
of the orbicularis muscle dictates a surgical fixation to the orbital rim periosteum,
there is a prolonged period of recovery compared with that of the conventional blepharoplasty
where there is no tension on the skin-to-skin closure.[13]
[14] The fibrosis created during the period of scar hypertrophy can cause difficulty
with closure necessitating use of lubrication to prevent dryness. This may last until
the patient passes the fourth postoperative week or beyond.
As with all more advanced procedures, there is a learning curve. This is particularly
true when adjusting tension while suspending the tissues of the cheek. Lower eyelid
retraction is always a concern, so that a close relationship with an ophthalmologist
is helpful. The transcanthal canthoplasty helps prevent this problem. For minor cases
of lower lid malposition, a simple tarsal strip is done under local anesthesia in
the office. For more severe cases, a spacer graft may be necessary using Alloderm
or Enduragen.
Because the face-lift flap is a musculocutaneous flap, the rich blood supply allows
maximum tension to be exerted without fear of healing problems. Smokers are warned,
but even when they do smoke, skin sloughs are rare because of the composite flap.
Because a complete facial rejuvenation is done, the patient is operated under general
anesthesia, and an overnight stay is obligatory. During and after surgery, all precautions
are taken including leg compression and clonidine patches for blood pressure control.
The goal of the composite face-lift is harmony of the entire face, with every area
of the aging face compatibly rejuvenated with all other areas. Variations depend on
each patient type. Patients with microgenia receive chin implants, and patients with
high foreheads may have their forehead lift incisions at the hairline to lower the
hairline. Variations of the phenol peel or dermabrasion are used for skin resurfacing
when indicated.
Postoperative Care
The postoperative care is much the same as that for any face-lift operation, except
that more care is needed for the eyes due to the fibrosis and healing of the periorbital
area that result from the surgical attachment of the orbicularis to the periosteum
of the lateral orbit. This causes tightness and thickening of the eyelids that prevent
adequate closure for several weeks. On the day after surgery, the patient's hair is
shampooed, and each day thereafter for several weeks. The patient leaves the hospital
with no dressings and returns to the office on the fourth postoperative day for suture
and staple removal. Lubrication of the eyes overnight with a nonmedicated ointment
and drops during the day is used for several weeks to prevent cornea dryness. Pain
is unusual after surgery, but medication is given as needed. Aerobic exercise is discouraged
for 4 to 6 weeks, and if facial edema is obvious, then diuretics are prescribed.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
The composite face-lift includes periorbital rejuvenation requiring a superior-medial
face-lift vector that uses a zygo-orbicular flap for orbicularis repositioning coupled
with a septal reset. It creates a harmonious rejuvenation in primary face-lift and
rhytidectomy and can return harmony to faces distorted by previous face-lifts.
