Glyceraldehyde Acetonide - Recent Applications of this Chiron in Organic Synthesis

Biographical Sketches

Evanoel Crizanto de Lima was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He studied chemistry at UERJ and obtained his M.Sc. at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro in 2005, where he worked the greater part of his Ph.D. thesis under the supervision of Paulo R. R. Costa and Ayres G. Dias. Evanoel is currently finishing his experiments at the Universidad de Alicante, Spain, under the supervision of Carmen Nájera and José M. Sansano with a doctoral fellowship from CNPq, Brazil. His research interests focus on the stereoselective synthesis of bioactive pyrrolidines, pyrrolidones and amino acids.

Introduction

<P>Glyceraldehyde acetonide (2,3-O-isopropylidene-d-gly­ceraldehyde, 1) it is a well-known chiron which has been used in organic synthesis for multiple purposes. [¹] It has been applied on the synthesis of a β-adrenergic antagonist, [²] on multicomponent reaction in the synthesis of ­nakadomarin A precursor, [³] and reacts with several organometallics to afford chiral alcohols used as precursors in total syntheses. [4-7] Its R isomer is easily prepared from selective protection and oxidative cleavage of ­in­expensive and available commercially d-mannitol (Scheme  [¹] ) [8] and its enantiomer can be obtained from vitamin C. [9] The present Spotlight emphasises recent applications of this chiron in organic synthesis in its R and S enantiomeric forms.</P>

Scheme 1

Abstracts

<TD VALIGN="TOP"> (A) Ahrendt and Williams reported the synthesis of the ADE fragment of nakadomarin A by a stereoselective three-component 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with azomethine ylide obtained from 1. The formation of the 2,5-trans-cycloadduct resulted in a single dia­stereomer. [³] </TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">

</TD><TD VALIGN="TOP"> (B) The construction of C1-C21 linear skeleton of tartrolon B was reported by Kim and Lee. The synthesis started with the asymmetric crotylation of aldehyde 1 to yield the syn-crotyl adduct. [¹0] </TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">

</TD><TD VALIGN="TOP"> (C) Wang’s group synthesized the β-adrenergic antagonist (S,R,R,R)-nebivolol using the pyrrolidine-catalyzed cyclization between 1 and 2-acetyl-4-fluorophenol. This key step gave a dia­stereomeric mixture of products (S,R)/(R,R) (60:40) in 40% yield, which could be easily separated by chromatography. Both isomers were used to prepare (S,R,R,R)-nebivolol. [²] </TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">

</TD><TD VALIGN="TOP"> (D) Both enantiomers of 1 were used by Casiraghi’s group to prepare amino acids polyols via a vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction, standard protection of the resulting alcohol as a TMS ether, and a variant of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction using a pyrrole as starting material and exploiting the configuration of 1. [¹¹] </TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">

</TD><TD VALIGN="TOP"> (E) Treatment of a prochiral symmetrical ketone 2 with chiral lithium amides leads to the formation of non-racemic lithium enolates. The base discriminates between two enantiotopic protons H _R and H _S and the resulting enolate could be trapped with electrophiles as 1, exhibiting a double stereoselection. [¹²] </TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">

</TD><TD VALIGN="TOP"> (F) Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) was used on fluorination of (S)-1 for the preparation of difluorated ketal 4 used to prepare b-difluoroalanine and g-difluorothreonine as useful building blocks for the preparation of biologically active peptides and peptidomimetics. [¹³] </TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">

</TD><TD VALIGN="TOP"> (G) Kumaraswamy and Markondaiah synthesized stereoselectively the natural and unnatural nocardiolactone using 1 as starting material. [¹4] They indicated the synthesis accomplishing a (S)-proline-catalyzed crossed aldol reaction between eicosanal and aldehyde 1. They changed (S)- to (R)-proline under otherwise identical conditions, but the results indicated that there is a negligible matched or mismatched effect on the diastereoselectivity of the product. </TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">

</TD><TD VALIGN="TOP"> (H) Shibasaki’s group related the stereodivergent construction of three contiguous stereocenters in catalytic doubly diastereoselective nitroaldol reactions of α-chiral aldehydes with nitroacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal using heterobimetallic catalysts. [¹5] (S)-LLB was employed as catalyst to prepare nitroadduct 5 from 1 in good yields and diastereoselectivity. </TD><TD VALIGN="TOP">

</TD>

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