Effects of Natural Phenolic Acids on the Skeletal System of Ovariectomized Rats

Abstract

Recent reports indicate the possibility of antiresorptive and/or bone formation increasing activity of natural phenolic acids, commonly present in plants which are normally consumed in the diet. The effects of 4 natural phenolic acids (ferulic, caffeic, p-coumaric or chlorogenic, 10 mg/kg p. o. daily for 4 weeks) on the skeletal system of ovariectomized (estrogen-deficient) rats were investigated. Bone mass, mineral and calcium content, macrometric and histomorphometric parameters, and mechanical properties were examined. Phenolic acids differentially affected the skeletal system of rats with osteoporotic changes induced by the ovariectomy. Caffeic acid decreased bone mass, whereas p-coumaric acid increased the bone mass/body mass ratio and bone mineral mass/body mass ratio in the long bones, in comparison with the ovariectomized control rats. The phenolic acids improved some bone histomorphometric parameters, impaired by estrogen deficiency. However, they did not increase the ratio of bone mineral mass to bone mass, decreased by estrogen deficiency, and did not significantly affect bone mechanical properties. In conclusion, different natural phenolic acids exert differential effects on the skeletal system of ovariectomized rats, both favourable and deleterious.

Key words

ferulic acid - caffeic acid - p‐coumaric acid - chlorogenic acid - osteoporosis - rats

References

• 1 Setchell K DR, Lydeking-Olsen E. Dietary phytoestrogens and their effect on bone: evidence from in vitro and in vivo, human observational, and dietary intervention studies.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;  78 (Suppl. 3) 593S-609S
• 2 Yamaguchi M. Regulatory mechanism of food factors in bone metabolism and prevention of osteoporosis.  Yakugaku Zasshi. 2006;  126 1117-1137
• 3 Lai Y L, Yamaguchi M. Phytocomponent p-hydroxycinnamic acid stimulates bone formation and inhibits bone resorption in rat femoral tissues in vitro.  Mol Cell Biochem. 2006;  292 45-52
• 4 Lai Y L, Yamaguchi M. Phytocomponent p-hydroxycinnamic acid inhibits osteoclast-like cell formation in mouse bone marrow cultures.  Int J Mol Med. 2007;  19 123-128
• 5 Lai Y L, Yamaguchi M. Oral administration of phytocomponent p-hydroxycinnamic acid has anabolic effect on bone calcification in femoral tissues in rats in vivo.  J Health Sci. 2006;  52 308-312
• 6 Yamaguchi M, Uchiyama S, Lai Y L. Oral administration of phytocomponent p-hydroxycinnamic acid has a preventive effect on bone loss in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.  Int J Mol Med. 2007;  19 803-807
• 7 Yamaguchi M, Lai Y L, Uchiyama S, Nakagawa T. Oral administration of phytocomponent p-hydroxycinnamic acid prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rats.  Mol Cell Biochem. 2008;  311 31-36
• 8 Tang Q Y, Kukita T, Ushijima Y, Kukita A, Nagata K, Sandra F, Watanabe T, Toh K, Okuma Y, Kawasaki S, Rasubala L, Teramachi J, Miyamoto I, Wu Z, Iijima T. Regulation of osteoclastogenesis by Simon extracts composed of caffeic acid and related compounds: successful suppression of bone destruction accompanied with adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats.  Histochem Cell Biol. 2006;  125 215-225
• 9 Sassa S, Kikuchi T, Shinoda H, Suzuki S, Kudo H, Sakamoto S. Preventive effect of ferulic acid on bone loss in ovariectomized rats.  In Vivo. 2003;  17 277-280
• 10 Stalikas C D. Extraction, separation, and detection methods for phenolic acids and flavonoids.  J Sep Sci. 2007;  30 3268-3295
• 11 Folwarczna J, Janiec W, Barej M, Cegieła U, Pytlik M, Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak I. Effects of nadroparin on bone histomorphometric parameters in rats.  Pol J Pharmacol. 2004;  56 337-343
• 12 Folwarczna J, Pytlik M, Janiec W. Effects of doxycycline on development of changes in histomorphometric parameters of bones induced by bilateral ovariectomy in rats.  Pol J Pharmacol. 2003;  55 433-441
• 13 Folwarczna J, Janiec W, Śliwiński L. Effects of heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins on bone mechanical properties in rats.  Thromb Haemost. 2004;  92 940-946
• 14 Pytlik M, Folwarczna J, Janiec W. Effects of doxycycline on mechanical properties of bones in rats with ovariectomy-induced osteopenia.  Calcif Tissue Int. 2004;  75 225-230
• 15 Kalu D N. The ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal bone loss.  Bone Miner. 1991;  15 175-191
• 16 Manolagas S C. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis.  Endocr Rev. 2000;  21 115-137
• 17 Ma D F, Qin L Q, Wang P Y, Katoh R. Soy isoflavone intake inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.  Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;  62 155-161
• 18 Migliaccio S, Anderson J J. Isoflavones and skeletal health: are these molecules ready for clinical application?.  Osteoporos Int. 2003;  14 361-368
• 19 Cassidy A, Albertazzi P, Lise-Nielsen I, Hall W, Williamson G, Tetens I, Atkins S, Cross H, Manios Y, Wolk A, Steiner C, Branca F. Critical review of health effects of soyabean phyto-oestrogens in post-menopausal women.  Proc Nutr Soc. 2006;  65 76-92
• 20 Radtke J, Linseisen J, Wolfram G. [Phenolic acid intake of adults in a Bavarian subgroup of the national food consumption survey].  Z Ernährungswiss. 1998;  37 190-197
• 21 Ovaskainen M-L, Törrönen R, Koponen J M, Sinkko H, Hellström J, Reinivuo H, Mattila P. Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in Finnish adults.  J Nutr. 2008;  138 562-566
• 22 Clifford M N. Chlorogenic acids and other cinnamates – nature, occurrence and dietary burden.  J Sci Food Agric. 1999;  79 362-372
• 23 Hsu C L, Yen G C. Phenolic compounds: evidence for inhibitory effects against obesity and their underlying molecular signaling mechanisms.  Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008;  52 53-61
• 24 Bai X C, Lu D, Liu A L, Zhang Z M, Li X M, Zou Z P, Zeng W S, Cheng B L, Luo S Q. Reactive oxygen species stimulates receptor activator of NF-κB ligand expression in osteoblast.  J Biol Chem. 2005;  280 17497-17506
• 25 Lee N K, Choi Y G, Baik J Y, Han S Y, Jeong D W, Bae Y S, Kim N, Lee S Y. A crucial role for reactive oxygen species in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation.  Blood. 2005;  106 852-859
• 26 Sheweita S A, Khoshhal K I. Calcium metabolism and oxidative stress in bone fractures: role of antioxidants.  Curr Drug Metab. 2007;  8 519-525