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Semin Neurol 2008; 28(5): 657-667
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1105974
© Thieme Medical Publishers

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Lucas Elijovich1 , Pratik V. Patel1 , J. Claude Hemphill2
  • 1Neurocritical Care Fellow, University of California, San Francisco
  • 2Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
29 December 2008 (online)

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ABSTRACT

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10 to 15% of all strokes, but results in a disproportionately high morbidity and mortality. Although chronic hypertension accounts for the majority of ICH, other common causes include cerebral amyloid angiopathy, sympathomimetic drugs of abuse, and underlying cerebral vascular anomalies. Validated baseline predictors of clinical outcome after ICH include the Glasgow Coma Scale score, hematoma volume, presence and amount of intraventricular hemorrhage, infratentorial ICH location, and advanced age. Although no treatment of proven benefit currently exists for ICH, several recent large clinical trials have demonstrated the feasibility of surgical and medical treatments for ICH. Clinical research into ICH mechanisms of injury has demonstrated that hematoma expansion is common, even in patients without coagulopathy. Basic research has suggested that perihematoma injury is more likely related to toxicity of blood and iron in the brain (“neurohemoinflammation”) rather than primary ischemic injury. Current guidelines for ICH treatment emphasize blood pressure management, urgent and rapid correction of coagulopathy, and surgery for cerebellar ICH. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating surgical evacuation of lobar hemorrhage, minimally invasive surgical hematoma evacuation, and aggressive blood pressure lowering.

KEYWORDS

Intracerebral hemorrhage - hypertension - hematoma expansion - neurocritical care

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J. Claude HemphillIII M.D. M.A.S. 

Department of Neurology, Room 4M62, San Francisco General Hospital

1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110

Email: chemphill@sfgh.ucsf.edu

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