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DOI: 10.1055/a-2791-1642
When Digital Fits and When Human Matters: Attachment, Trust, and User Profiles in Communication Formats in Primary Care from Face-to-Face to AI
Wann digital passt und wann Menschlichkeit zählt: Bindung, Vertrauen und Nutzerprofile in Kommunikationsformaten in der Primärversorgung von Face-to-Face bis KIAuthors
Abstract
Objective
This study examined how preferences for face-to-face, video, written, AI-chatbot, and AI-avatar consultations in the context of primary care vary between routine and emotionally sensitive contexts, how attachment orientations and trust in the diagnosis contribute to these preferences, and whether distinct user preference profiles can be identified.
Methods
In an online survey of 934 German adults, participants rated the appropriateness of five formats across routine and emotionally sensitive contexts. Predictors included trust in the diagnosis, attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance, perceived efficiency, gender, and technical resources. Multilevel models and cluster analysis were applied.
Results
Face-to-face was preferred for sensitive consultations, while video and written formats were acceptable for routine tasks. AI formats were less accepted overall but judged more appropriate when trust in the diagnosis was high. Trust in the diagnosis strongly supported acceptance of AI formats, while perceived efficiency was positively associated with higher acceptance of video and AI formats . Other predictors had minor effects. Three user preference profiles emerged: face-to-face-oriented, digital without AI-oriented, and broadly digital & AI-oriented.
Discussion
Format-dependent trust in the diagnosis outweighed efficiency in predicting acceptance (especially for AI), and attachment orientations offer an interpersonal perspective on these patterns.
Conclusion
Digital formats can support routine care, but sensitive consultations require face-to-face contact. Trust in the diagnosis is important for AI acceptance, while attachment orientation helps to interpret interpersonal differences. Patient needs are heterogeneous; services should provide transparent, efficient, and flexible options without replacing face-to-face care.
Zusammenfassung
Ziel
Diese Studie untersuchte, wie sich die Präferenzen im Kontext der Primärversorgung für persönliche, Video-, schriftliche, KI-Chatbot- und KI-Avatar-Konsultationen zwischen routinemäßigen und emotional sensiblen Kontexten unterscheiden, wie Bindungsorientierungen und Vertrauen in die Diagnose zu diesen Präferenzen beitragen und ob unterschiedliche Präferenzprofile der Nutzer identifiziert werden können.
Methoden
In einer Online-Umfrage unter 934 deutschen Erwachsenen bewerteten die Teilnehmer die Angemessenheit von fünf Formaten in routinemäßigen und emotional sensiblen Kontexten. Zu den Prädiktoren gehörten das Vertrauen in die Diagnose, Bindungsangst und Bindungsvermeidung, wahrgenommene Effizienz, Geschlecht und technische Ressourcen. Es wurden Mehrebenenmodelle und Clusteranalysen angewendet.
Ergebnisse
Für sensible Konsultationen wurde der persönliche Kontakt bevorzugt, während Video- und schriftliche Formate für Routineaufgaben akzeptabel waren. KI-Formate wurden insgesamt weniger akzeptiert, jedoch als angemessener bewertet, wenn das Vertrauen in die Diagnose hoch war. Das Vertrauen in die Diagnose begünstigte die Akzeptanz von KI-Formaten stark, während die wahrgenommene Effizienz mit einer höheren Akzeptanz von Video- und KI-Formaten einherging. Andere Prädiktoren hatten nur geringe Auswirkungen. Es zeigten sich drei Nutzerpräferenzprofile: persönlich orientiert, digital ohne KI-Orientierung und allgemein digital & KI-orientiert.
Diskussion
Das formatabhängige Vertrauen in die Diagnose war für die Vorhersage der Akzeptanz (insbesondere bei KI) wichtiger als die wahrgenommene Effizienz. Zudem bieten Bindungsorientierungen eine zwischenmenschliche Perspektive auf diese Muster.
Schlussfolgerung
Digitale Formate können die Routineversorgung unterstützen, sensible Konsultationen erfordern jedoch persönlichen Kontakt. Das Vertrauen in die Diagnose ist wichtig für die Akzeptanz von KI, während die Bindungsorientierung dabei hilft, zwischenmenschliche Unterschiede zu interpretieren. Die Bedürfnisse der Patienten sind heterogen; Medizinische Dienstleistungen sollten transparente, effiziente und flexible Optionen bieten, ohne den Face-to-Face Kontakt zu ersetzen.
Publication History
Received: 14 September 2025
Accepted: 16 January 2026
Article published online:
27 February 2026
© 2026. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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