Neuropsychiatric Treatment in Functional Neurological Disorder: Foundations and Future

Abstract

Over the past two decades, advances in assessment, treatment, and neuroscience of functional neurological disorder (FND) have reshaped care, yet many patients still face limited access and persistent disability. This review offers a practical, evidence-informed guide to initiating multidisciplinary treatment, emphasizing clear diagnostic communication, an individualized biopsychosocial formulation, and strategies to support engagement. Psychological and rehabilitative interventions are summarized within stepped models of care. Mechanistic perspectives are considered in linking clinical interventions with plausible neurobiological processes. Additionally, we examine emerging adjunctive modalities—such as noninvasive neuromodulation and psychedelic-assisted therapies—which may hold promise as future therapeutic interventions.

Keywords

neuropsychiatric treatment - functional neurological disorder - functional/dissociative seizures - functional movement disorder - psychotherapy

Contributors' Statement

Irene Gonsalvez contributed to conceptualization, resources, supervision, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. Chadrick E. Lane contributed to conceptualization, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. Gaston Baslet contributed to conceptualization, supervision, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing.

Publication History

Received: 03 October 2025

Accepted: 12 January 2026

Accepted Manuscript online:
15 January 2026

Article published online:
02 February 2026

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