How Developing Brains Differ: Pediatric Functional Neurological Disorder: Distinct Clinical Courses, Unique Needs, Personalized Communication, and Pathways to Recovery

Abstract

Functional neurological disorder (FND) in children and adolescents presents distinct challenges and opportunities compared with adult populations. Pediatric FND frequently affects high-achieving youth without significant trauma histories or psychiatric illness, highlighting demographic and etiologic differences that challenge many of the classic psychodynamic assumptions. The developing brain's heightened plasticity may predispose to maladaptive functional patterns, yet also makes recovery particularly attainable when diagnosis and treatment are timely. Positive rule-in signs and clear, developmentally attuned explanations are central to reframing symptoms as real, reversible, and brain-based. Evidence from the retraining and control therapy randomized trial and recent telehealth cohorts demonstrates that multidisciplinary, family- and school-engaged approaches can achieve high remission rates. Adjunctive strategies that target network dynamics and plasticity may further amplify recovery. With coordinated care, pediatric FND is highly reversible, restoring agency, alleviating disability, and giving back decades of ability, opportunity, and thriving identity formation.

Keywords

pediatric FND - FND - functional neurologic disorder - functional seizure - PNES - psychogenic non-epileptic seizure - pseudoseizure - neuroplasticity - conversion disorder - patient communication - pediatric neurology

Note

From TikTok-tics to functional seizures, the FND story in kids is different: high-achieving youth, fewer traumas, and developing brains that, with team-based care, can retrain symptoms and thrive.

Publication History

Received: 14 September 2025

Accepted: 09 December 2025

Article published online:
31 December 2025

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