Women's Issues and Female-specific Factors in Functional Neurological Disorder

Abstract

Functional neurological disorder (FND) most commonly affects females. As such, there is biological evidence that sex differences contribute to the onset and development of this disorder. Gender can also impact FND. In this article, we will address some important considerations for FND, including the history of sex differences and gender-related factors in FND, common comorbidities, hormonal and reproductive considerations, and future directions for research.

Keywords

functional neurological disorder (FND) - female - women

Publication History

Received: 06 October 2025

Accepted: 02 December 2025

Article published online:
23 December 2025

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