Challenges and Opportunities for Implementing Green Chemistry in Nigerian Universities: Educational and Policy Perspectives

Abstract

This study examines the emergence of green chemistry in Nigerian universities through analysis of perspectives from an eight-member focus group of experts in nanochemistry, green chemistry, and chemistry education. The six-hour discussion evaluates awareness levels, implementation barriers, and future prospects. While participants recognise the importance of green chemistry, several challenges impede its adoption in developing nations, primarily funding constraints, resource limitations, and insufficient awareness. The study identifies key advancement areas: incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) and advanced material science, fostering academic–industrial partnerships, and implementing systematic curriculum reforms. Recommendations emphasise comprehensive green chemistry education, enhanced international collaboration, and improved policies for sustainable chemical practices. The research highlights green chemistry's role in addressing 21st-century challenges like climate change, pollution, and resource scarcity, while emphasising the need for context-appropriate solutions in developing regions. Success in implementing green chemistry principles requires coordinated efforts from academia, industry, and government. Special emphasis is placed on developing human capital in developing nations and facilitating knowledge exchange through international research collaborations. These findings underscore the importance of tailored approaches to green chemistry implementation in developing countries while maintaining global cooperation.

Keywords

Green chemistry education - Sustainable development - Higher education curriculum - Environmental innovation - Academic-industry collaboration

Significance

This research aims to fill a gap within the limited literature regarding practising and teaching green chemistry principles in developing countries, especially in Nigerian universities. This study revealed the prospects and concerns of incorporating sustainable chemical practices in higher learning in a developing economy. This is useful for policymakers, educators, and industry leaders to understand the current chemical practices and recommended strategies for enhancing sustainable chemistry by gathering views from experts from distinct chemistry fields.

Executive Summary

Green chemistry is a rapidly developing area of study in Nigerian universities. This policy report is analysed on the basis of a survey from an eight-member focus group of experts in nanochemistry, green chemistry, and chemistry education. The current awareness level, the challenges perhaps to implementation, and the future opportunities of green chemistry in Nigeria were explored among other areas of focus during the detailed six-hour discussion.

Key Findings

1. Awareness and Importance: All scholars interviewed emphasised that green chemistry can help to address contemporary issues, including climate change, pollution, or resource depletion, which are characteristic of the 21st century.

2. Challenges: Based on the research, the major challenges that affect the implementation of green chemistry in Nigerian universities include inadequate funding, scarce resources, and poor widespread sensitisation.

3. Advancement Areas: Integrating cognitive sciences and new material properties into our structures, promoting academic–industrial relations, and forcing full curricular systematic reforms.

Recommendations

1. Education and Curriculum: Promote extended education programmes in green chemistry and incorporate green chemistry principles within the current curricula.

2. Collaboration: Increase international cooperation with the aim of developing strengthened partnerships operating with the exchange of information and with the distribution of resources. Scale up green chemistry learning through industrial applicants working with institutions of higher learning in an effort to promote innovation and pragmatism.

3. Policy and Practice: Develop and implement policies that enhance behaviour that has an impact on the chemical industry. Promote green chemistry by allocating finances to back up the idea and supply material to fund the concept.

Conclusion

In realising success in the implementation of GCP in Nigerian Universities the strategy employed needs to involve the academia, industry, and the government. Reliable focus needs to be placed on the human capital in developing countries and promote helpful international cooperation in research. Strategies must be developed based on a continuous understanding of the context of the developing countries regarding the implementation of green chemistry, which requires international collaboration and support.

Introduction

Green chemistry has become an important concept in global society and an integral branch of chemistry dealing with environmental issues and changes in chemical processes and products. This conceptual approach to chemistry is based on the precept of creating less hazardous, more effective, and eco-friendly ways for chemical processes. With increasing consciousness of global warming, pollution, and depletion of natural resources, green chemistry brings about sustainable routes in industrial and scientific fields. The concept, commonly known as green chemistry, was introduced in the 1990s and its application has been spreading quite extensively in research as well as in industries. This field was initiated by Anastas and Warner with the presentation of the Twelve Principles of green chemistry as a checklist to design materials and processes that would minimise the use and generation of hazardous substances [1]. These principles include waste prevention, atom economy, safer synthesis, safer reagents, safer solvents and reaction conditions, energy efficiency, renewable feedstocks, minimising the use of derivatives, catalysis, design for degradation, real-time release monitoring, and inherent safer chemistry for accident prevention as shown in [Figure 1].

Figure 1 Twelve principles of green chemistry.

The rationale behind green chemistry is derived from the realisation of the effects of conventional chemical processes on the environment and human health. This has led to increased participation of many researchers and professionals in green chemistry because of the appreciation of sustainable solutions to complex issues. The transition towards green chemistry is therefore not purely theoretical but has concrete consequences on the contemporary and prospective means and methods of operation for commerce and society at large [2]. The practice of green chemistry promotes greener goals, including the minimisation of waste products, improved energy efficiencies and the production of safer products [3]. Thus, one can undoubtedly state the importance of green chemistry for the ecosystem of the twenty-first century. It also complies with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) and addresses many of the current environmental issues in society. Green chemistry principles include ensuring that one works towards designing chemical products and processes that would not utilise or produce hazardous compounds, use renewable feed, and enhance energy utilisation [4].

Green chemistry will continue to be an important part of the 21st century and will evolve because of the new technology, and people’s awareness of nature. The integration of green chemistry with artificial intelligence and advanced material science is now offering newer prospects for green sustainable development. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are revolutionising green chemistry through the improvement of the discovery of greener chemical transformations and innovation [5].

On the other hand, the practice of green chemistry principles and its evaluations must be supported by proper metrics and evaluation techniques that can assess their performance and outcome [6]. It argues that metrics are essential to assign value in terms of sustainability for chemical processing and direct sustainable development, especially in the developing world. With the help of simplified life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies, hot spot analysis has become a well-liked practice that aims to highlight research priorities in terms of environmental pressure in a particular region [7]. This analytical approach is more relevant for emerging regions where one should define not only local important problems but also search for the solutions that may be implemented with available resources [8]. Over the past 25 years, the standardisation of metrics and assessments has been paramount and helpful in the improvement of green chemistry [9]. All these tools assist chemists in quantifying process mass intensity PMI, E-factors and atom economy to compare derivatives with different synthetic routes and make the correct decision concerning a change in process [10]. Metrics are useful to establish objectives and define areas of interest and potential for sustainable chemistry in emerging countries like Nigeria, in a context of limited resources and with different capacities. This systematic approach to measurement and evaluation guarantees that green chemistry solutions do not only have positive environmental impacts but are also viable to implement in certain geographical locations [11].

However, the implementation of green chemistry remains a complex process up to this date, especially in the developing world. Some of these difficulties include inadequate funding for research, inadequate resources, and poor awareness, thereby hindering the integration of green chemistry in education and industries [12]. Despite the importance of green chemistry and the potential challenges of its inclusion in academic curricula, the inclusion and adoption in developing countries have not been studied in detail. Green chemistry education is critical to achieving SDG4: Quality Education. Hence, through the incorporation and application of green chemistry principles in Nigerian universities, quality education will be provided to students to enhance learning for effecting life-long improvement of people all over the world [13]. This corresponds with Target 4.7, which deals with education for sustainable development and global citizenship. Hence this study seeks to understand the inclusion of green chemistry in Nigerian University curriculum and the challenges militating towards its full adoption.

Methodology

This research used a qualitative research method through a 6-hour focus group discussion. The focus group consisted of eight experts in the field of green chemistry in related fields such as nanochemistry, green chemistry, and chemistry education. This focus group discussion was a panel discussion that formed part of a 5-day virtual conference with the theme “Innovating with Green Chemistry in the 21st Century” at Tai Solarin University of Education. This method was employed because it would allow inputs from the audience of relevant background while ensuring the formulation of a diverse set of questions and the reception of detailed responses from practising specialists. Selection of panellists for the panel discussion was done based on the specialisation of the participants in different fields of chemistry. This purposive sampling strategy ensured that the topic would be examined from different perspectives in the field of chemistry.

The data analysis was done using a thematic analysis procedure. Transcription was made and the text was analysed, key themes were outlined and coded. These themes were then organised into broader categories corresponding to the main topics of the discussion: The topics include green chemistry awareness level, integration/inclusion of green chemistry, the future of green chemistry practice, and recommendations. To ensure the credibility of the research findings, member checking was used [14]. The results and interpretations that were presented during the first part of the study were reviewed and discussed with the panellists to guarantee the reflection of their opinions and to identify possible extra insights into the views identified. The study also used features such as reflexivity to capture any biases that the researchers themselves could be bringing to the analysis of the data. This was done through group meetings during which reflection on the process was done more frequently during the analysis as displayed in [Figure 2].

Figure 2 Methodology.

As for the ethical considerations, consent was obtained from all the panellists regarding their willingness to participate in the discussion and have it recorded. To ensure panellists’ anonymity in the final report, confidentiality was maintained throughout the research process. This paper’s approach enabled a comprehensive and diverse understanding of green chemistry based on interviews with professionals from the different branches of chemistry. Combining different opinions in a more or less formalised structure of discussions, the study was able to provide rather extensive ideas about the current state and further development of green chemistry innovations.

Discussion

The demographics of the focus group are shown in [Figure 3].

Figure 3 Distribution of expertise.

Transformative Role of Green Chemistry in the 21st Century

Today, issues such as climate change, pollution, and depletion of natural resources have become bottlenecks in the world and green chemistry opens new ways for more sustainable industrial and conscious scientific development [3]. A panellist echoed this sentiment, pointing out that “We talk of energy. Those can be our priority areas. Energy, can we deploy a lot of resources in renewable energy, alternative sources of energy?” Thus, green chemistry plays a role in addressing some of the pressing challenges facing the world today such as energy sustainability and climate change. In another panellist's opinion, green chemistry is “found in all areas of chemistry, either inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, environmental chemistry, analytical chemistry and the new areas. It's majorly about mindsets, the mindset of looking for solutions for comforting mankind.”

This ‘systems’ view of chemistry is consistent with the ethos of the UNSDGs and meets many of the current major societal environmental issues. Green chemistry principles involve the design of chemical products and processes that lower the need for hazardous substances and their formation while utilising renewable feedstocks and increasing energy efficiency [15]. In the words of one of the participants, “Green Chemistry has been with us since inception because we are always finding solutions to the number of challenges that confront human race.” The driving force for green chemistry is rooted in awareness of the effects of regular chemistry on the environment and human health. Several researchers and practitioners have been lured into green chemistry as a way of making work more responsible and sustainable [16]. One panellist shared their motivation: “Looking at Chemistry generally, we'll talk about synthesis and many more and at the end of the day there were complains that some materials and some chemicals that were hazardous and toxic to the environment. So, this motivated me that, okay, we can still achieve our desire goals by looking at the alternative materials, such as “alternative feedstocks.”

The shift towards green chemistry is not merely an ivory tower endeavour, but it is a practical paradigm shift that has implications for industrial society. The use of green chemistry principles focused on such aspects as waste minimisation, energy efficiency, and safer product generation enhances the main advantages that can be achieved [17]. As one of the panellists put it, “We want an eco-friendly or environmental beneficial product or process so that at the end of the day, we can be sure that while we are having a group of human help and a group of eco-system.” Green chemistry in the 21st century is therefore not static but dynamic taking changes, as seen from the change in the role due to technological development and environmental consciousness. One panellist observed that “the new Green Chemistry Concept now goes beyond the laboratory. It has a component of the laboratory, component of innovation, the component of product-driven and also a component of smartness (that is Artificial Intelligence).” These introductions of green chemistry with artificial intelligence and advanced material science are now creating new horizons for innovations [18].

However, some challenges are associated with the implementation of green chemistry practices especially in the developing world. Such challenges include inadequate funding for research, scarcity of resources and knowledge deficit. One of the panellists believed that “In as much as the general awareness is concerned, oh, everybody knows and appreciates the fact that green sustainability is significant, everybody will agree with the idea that conceptually, there is need to look at sustainability but, to what extent are we really committed to it?” One panellist emphasised the importance of moving beyond awareness to action “Now, because some of the things that are relevant to the industry are, like if we are to talk about live-sector assessment of their raw materials and.. so, some of these, we can run some of these a short curfix. But the most important thing that we all need now, is we moving ahead from this awareness level and we start working the talk.” By developing green chemistry practices, industries are essential in the promotion of green chemistry practices. Each of the panellists presented success stories whereby they explained how green chemistry is implemented in various fields. For example, one panellist mentioned the development of biodegradable plastics: “We now have the development of biodegradable and compostable plastics. Those that are made from polylactic and polyisoprene and canoeids. They don’t break down easily in the environment.”

Another panellist highlighted the transition in the detergent industry: “In the 1960s industries transitions from non-biodegradable branch sub-transplants, you know in the making of so, these are known to cause excessive foaming, and are dangerous to human health. You know they now adopt the use of AKAL detergent. These are biodegradable.” The enhancement of green chemistry with other progressive fields like nanotechnology and biotechnology has paved the way for new horizons of innovation [19]. Such an interdisciplinary approach is only useful for tackling some global issues and identifying all-encompassing solutions. For example, one of the panellists stated, “We cannot have Green Chemistry in the 21st century without the aspect of innovation in it. Not only is awareness but also beyond, the impact of the innovation aspect if you look at the concept of innovation, you will see the positive environmental contribution.” However, education and capacity building are vital tools in promoting green chemistry in the 21st century. It is important to incorporate green chemistry principles in school curricula starting from primary schools up to the universities [20]. This will assist in developing a generation of scientists, engineers and decision-makers who are knowledgeable about sustainable science. One of the panellists put it this way, “It must be in curriculum, generally” The other questions deemed important were “Can we be an Apostle of what we teach or what we believe in?” “Can we make our Green Chemistry applicable in our labs?”

One cannot overlook the part played by policy and regulation in the promotion of green chemistry. National and local authorities as well as independent bodies regulating industries have an important responsibility in providing encouragement for the implementation of green chemistry processes and conserving the environment [21]. To address this challenge, one of the panellists recommended that “we should reject the laws that will compel people to engage in Green Chemistry because it is not a mere walk in the park.” Another element of the realisation of green chemistry in the twenty-first century is the promotion of international cooperation [22]. The effort means that global challenges demand global solutions, and cooperative relations between developed and developing countries would help share knowledge and resources as well as identify solutions that are appropriate for local contexts. Another panellist offered a different perspective by stating that “by working with the advanced countries we can also form memberships in the Royal Society of Chemistry, the ACS and we might get some of the things we need to do our green work.” Therefore, chemistry for sustainability is a revolutionary type of chemistry that responds to the challenges of the 21st century regarding the introduction of sustainable chemical processes and products. The significance of green chemistry is not limited to its capacity to solve current environmental issues but its ability to foster innovation, generate jobs, and enhance people’s quality of life [23]. One panellist summarised it well by saying that “Green chemistry is embedded in any field within chemistry such as inorganic chemistry, Organic chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Analytical chemistry and the emerging areas.”

Green chemistry in reality is still a process of evolution as chemistry and the spanning world of science, industry, and society attempt to assimilate the new set of principles as shown in [Figures 4] and [5]. This is a process that demands ongoing research, education, partnership, and advocacy for relevant policies. However, the benefits that can be derived both in the area of environment and economy can justify this activity. In the further years of the 21st century and beyond, green chemistry will continue to remain a central fundamental for effecting a sustainable and prosperous future.

Figure 4 Green chemistry and potential areas of impact.

Figure 5 Increasing impact of green chemistry from the 1990s to the present.

Innovating with Green Chemistry

The theme “Innovating with Green Chemistry” captures virtually all aspects of green chemistry principles and practice, especially for third-world countries such as Nigeria as shown in [Figure 6]. Thus, the nature of green innovation is a key aspect that needs to be considered when entering this field. One of the panellists described green chemistry as the analysis of chemistry based on sustainability and environmentally friendly processes, which are cheap and not energy intensive. This is in line with the established global concept of green chemistry, which is defined as the designing of chemical products and processes that minimise or eliminate the creation and use of hazardous materials [17]. Hence, the panellist’s focus on costs and energy that aligns with some of the tenets of green chemistry, including designing for energy efficiency using renewable starting materials. The drive for green chemistry innovations originates from concerns arising from the environmental and health effects of traditional chemical processes. “Man has created a lot of havoc in the environment and now, we are at the receiving end. Climate action, pollution, contaminated foods, contaminated water, contaminated air, etc.” This view is in line with the increasing recognition of pollution costs to the chemical industry and the calls for sustainability practices [20].

Figure 6 Green chemistry innovation.

Some of the panellists were asked to identify which recent green chemistry practice they had seen that they found interesting and has the potential for industrial application. One of the most promising advancements in green chemistry is the development of biodegradable plastics derived from renewable resources. Specifically, polylactic acid (PLA), a bio-based polymer produced from plant starches like corn or sugarcane, demonstrates significant potential for industrial applications. It responds to the global problem of pollution through plastics and correspondingly to the strategies of designing materials for degradation and utilising renewable feedstocks [24]. Another potential subfield that might be explored further is the use of environmentally friendly solvents such as “supercritical CO₂, ionic liquid and hydrolytic solvents.” These alternatives present more sustainable solutions to using organic solvents that are toxic and flammable [25]. Technological progression in catalytic processes was also highlighted as was the case with “The Use of Biocatalysts Heterogeneous Catalysts,” which has “enhanced the efficacy and selectivity of chemical transformations.” The use of enzyme-based catalysis in the synthesis of pharmaceutical products is a beautiful case in which green chemistry can bring about the simplification of the manufacturing processes with less waste in maintaining high added values to the chemical products [26].

The transition towards renewable feedstocks was highlighted as a significant improvement and the technologies that transform agricultural waste into biofuels, bioplastics and other valuable products becoming more efficient and scalable. This trend continues with the circular economy concept and it is a strong innovation opportunity given to developing nations that abound biomass resources [27]. The other areas of innovation highlighted as crucial to the energy-efficient processes were the development of such processes at low temperatures and pressures and the use of photochemical reactions using visible light. Both of these approaches were directly pertinent to a green chemistry principle in the category of energy efficiency and can result in a substantial decrease in the environmental impact of chemical processes [28]. Advancements mentioned in the area of analytical chemistry were “microextraction techniques and portable non-destructive analytical tools,” which can minimise the usage of solvents and increase safety measures. These harmonise with the principles of green chemistry such as safer chemistry for accident prevention and real-time analysis for pollution prevention [29].

The utilisation of green chemistry in agriculture was also recognised as an area of special interest where the “green chemistry solution for agriculture” was defined to embrace “biopesticides,” and “biofertilisers,” that would address the overuse of synthetic chemicals. The shift to sustainable methods of agriculture has wide implications for food availability and the impact on the physical environment in the developing world [30]. However, the panel discussion highlighted some of the difficulties that need to be worked through to apply green chemistry, significantly in the developing country setting of Nigeria. Lack of awareness and education concerning green chemistry principles and practices was emphasised as a prominent challenge. According to one of the panellists, “On the general knowledge in Nigeria, everybody knows about it, but the practice aspect, it is still low.” This puts a lot of emphasis on the need to incorporate green chemistry within the curriculum right from the basic learning institutions to promote imbibing good ethics from a young age, which is the formative year of future learners [31].

The enhancement of the implementation of green chemistry education in universities was considered to be one of the key strategies towards innovation. However, as one participant pointed out, “How many Universities in Nigeria now are teaching that in their undergraduate course work in chemistry?” This creates an education gap that slows the creation of a workforce that will be capable of supporting green chemistry innovation through their knowledge and skills [32]. Lack of funds, as well as inadequate resources, was established to have constantly emerged as the key impediments to green chemistry research and development in Nigeria. For instance, one of the panellists said, “Not many people can access finances to adopt some of these technologies or incorporation of green chemistry.” This poor financial support greatly hinders research in green chemistry as well as the accessibility to equipment and green chemistry materials and solutions for large-scale up [20]. Another major challenge that was also recognised was the lack of interaction between academia and the industry. To this, one of the participants said: “If we do things in isolation, we can't do things in isolation and expect a change. I think there must be synergy.” This lack of collaboration hinders the translation and deployment of green chemistry breakthroughs originating in the academic environment [33]. This also highlights regulatory barriers as another possible hindrance to the implementation of green chemistry practices in the industry. According to one of the panellists, “In most of these regulatory policies that they followed in their production, once those policies are not in tune with what to put in, you’ll discover that they will never be interested in what to come up with.” This underlines the correctness of the approaches that imply policy measures to promote the shift to less hazardous chemical processes [34].

Nonetheless, several strategies to address these challenges and promote innovation in green chemistry were discussed during the panel discussion as shown in [Figure 7]. Another strategy highlighted involved prioritising the identification of local issues that could be addressed using green chemistry principles. One participant remarked, “We talk of energy. Those can be our priority area. Energy, can we deploy a lot of resources in renewable energy, alternative sources of energy?” Scientists can show how green chemistry solutions help solve these acute local challenges concerning energy, water, and food, and get critique from people and political leaders [35]. The necessity of informing the public and raising awareness was mentioned several times. In the words of one panellist, “We cannot stop this advocacy. Let’s continue this advocacy. Let’s start from scratch. From our primary, secondary schools and university.” This is because the culture of sustainability in education should be engrained in students beginning with their education at the primary, secondary, and university levels [36]. Some of the panellists also advocated for the consideration of local SMEs rather than multinational firms, as a strategic target of green chemistry in Nigeria. One of the participants noted that “what people do with green chemistry is to focus on MSME. That’s the Tyler model that can bring about transformation.” This approach considers the higher absorptive capacity and more localisation orientation for the innovation commercialisation of SMEs [37].

Figure 7 Innovation challenges and solutions.

The role of international collaboration and support was also emphasised as a strategy for advancing green chemistry innovation in developing countries. As one panellist suggested, “We still need more collaboration with developed countries. It can be in terms of knowledge, facilities, in terms of grants to carry out these researches.” Such collaborations would help in access to technology as well as funds needed to conduct such studies [38]. There was also a presentation of several successful practices of implementation of green chemistry in industries around the world and in Nigeria as well. These included changing the manufacturing processes of pharmaceuticals to improve the yield with less waste using biopolymers for packaging materials and turning waste products into other useful products that could be valuable to consumers. These case studies illustrate that green chemistry innovations could generate environmental and economic values as a prompt for future research and development works [39].

Therefore, the discussion of this panel on “Innovating with Green Chemistry” shows that there are both possibilities and difficulties in improving green chemical procedures and practices in developing nations with a focus on Nigeria. Despite recent progress in the materialisation of aspects such as biodegradable polymers, green solvents, and renewable resources, there are still many challenges in spreading these innovations at large-scale industrial levels. Some of the major concerns arising include low awareness and perception, financial constraints, insufficient cooperation between industries and academia, and policy issues.

Green Chemistry Practices in Industries

The use of green chemistry principles in industries is due to several reasons such as environmental awareness, legal requirements, and economic benefits [20]. Many companies have adopted and achieved considerable milestones in the integration of green chemistry principles in industries as shown in [Figure 8]. For example, in the pharmaceutical product development industry, there are interactive improvements in the redesign of the synthesis of drugs [40]. A member of the panel elaborated that “GSK, this pharmaceutical company has redesigned their anti-HIV drug which normally takes about 12 steps to 17 steps. And the results show that they have more yield compared to what they’ve been doing before. And they have a minimum waste in this step.” This example demonstrates the potential of green chemistry to not only reduce environmental impact but also improve process efficiency and yield, aligning with the economic interests of businesses.

Figure 8 Balancing implementation factors.

The chemical industry has also come a long way towards green chemistry efforts that seek to minimise the adverse effects on the environment [18]. As mentioned in the discussion, “Dow Chemical... have incorporated green chemistry into their production. There's a successful production of propylene glycol from using bio-based glycerin.” This fulfils one of green chemistry principles because it is the use of renewable feedstock, which is better than the use of feedstock derived from fossil resources. As exemplary, the consumer goods industries across the world are now embracing green chemistry in their product design and production [41]. Nike’s initiative to construct shoes based on the reuse, reduce and recycle principles was also mentioned where the firm recycled old products to develop new ones. This approach also prevents wastage and at the same time generates new values out of the discarded material. However, most emphasis was on developed countries and what could be adopted from their practice of green chemistry in Nigerian local industries. However, the adoption of green chemistry by companies might be low. This is because of the associated challenges with the application of green chemistry practices in industries, especially in developing countries. The first barrier mentioned revolves around the notion of higher costs incurred when green technologies are adopted. According to one of the panellists, “For industry, if you are bringing in green innovations now, then most times it might need them to change their system, to redesign. And most of the industries are there to make profits.” This should help change industry perception and understanding concerning the costs and benefits of implementing green chemistry [17].

Another key issue that emerged was regulatory barriers. As pointed out in the discussion, “In most of these regulatory policies that they followed in their production, once those policies are not in tune with what to put in, you’ll discover that they will never be interested in what to come up with.” Additionally, one of the panellists said, “Today we need policies at an institutional level that will promote green processes.” This implies that there is a need to develop a right regulatory framework that encourages green chemistry practices as well as discourages ecologically unfriendly practices in Nigeria [42]. Additionally, a lack of awareness and understanding of green chemistry principles among industrial stakeholders was cited as one of the underlying challenges of industrial adoption of green chemistry principles in developing countries [3]. As one of the experts pointed out, “Not everybody is aware of the importance of green chemistry.” This highlights the significance of raising awareness about the principles and opportunities offered by green chemistry to be adopted by industries.

Concerning the green chemistry strategies, it was established that the strategies have to be localised or adapted to the particular environment. According to one expert’s opinion, for businesses to get past the old to green chemistry, they should possibly consider how local materials can be introduced in the process they are undertaking. This can not only minimise expenses but also aid in making the process environmentally friendly and efficient by utilising local materials [43]. There was also an emphasis on the importance of international cooperation in the development of green chemistry within industries [20]. According to the discussion, “Countries like ours can also become more accessible to some of these green innovations by partnering with international organisations.” This clearly shows the need to practice knowledge management and technology transfer to increase the implementation of green chemistry throughout the world. Another insight into the role of the chemical industry was the contribution of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the future advancement of green chemistry [44]. As one expert noted, “What people do with green chemistry is to focus on MSME. That’s the Tyler model that can bring about transformation.” This suggests that SMEs, due to their flexibility and innovation potential, can play a crucial role in pioneering green chemistry applications.

All in all, the implementation of green chemistry principles in industries relates to the prospect of sustainable development. Despite these threats, some of the changes are beneficial when viewed from the perspective of environmental balance, resource utilisation and economic prospects. In one panellist’s words, “We cannot be separate Green Chemistry in the 21st century without the concept of the innovation aspect of it. Not only that the awareness is critical but also, it is important that beyond the awareness, the innovation and if we look at the concept of innovation, we will see the positive impact on the environment.”

Collaborations in Green Chemistry

Collaboration in green chemistry has emerged as a crucial theme in advancing sustainable practices and innovations within the field as shown in [Figures 9] and [10]. As highlighted in the panel discussion, effective collaboration between academia, industry, and government is essential for promoting and implementing green chemistry initiatives. This multifaceted approach to collaboration ensures that research, practical applications, and policy support align to create a more sustainable future [45]. Collaborations in green chemistry are essential for achieving SDG17: Partnerships for the Goals. From the cooperation between universities, Nigerian universities, industries, and government tangibles can be shared, knowledge can be exchanged, and the advancement of ideas can be achieved [46]. This validates Target 17.6, which focuses on strengthening international cooperation and capacity building in science, technology and innovation. One of the panellists noted, “We cannot escape the fact that all these are coming together to promote green chemistry.” This reflects the views of the multiple stakeholders that are required in the promotion of green chemistry principles across various fields. In this context, the academic sector has a crucial role to play in raising awareness and including green chemistry principles in syllabi from primary through university and postgraduate levels. One of the participants emphasised that “We have to bring about awareness. Let everybody know that chemistry is beautiful. Don’t let them just think about or think that anything you hear about chemicals is toxic.”

Figure 9 Role of outreach and communication in achieving collaboration in green chemistry.

Figure 10 Collaboration benefits.

Another comprehensible aspect mentioned in the panel discussion was industrial collaboration. One participant remarked that “The industries... should also look into the area of R&D to make sure that they dwell more on green chemistry than the previous experiences they had before.” The above indicates that there is a need for a strong linkage between industries and research institutions to ensure the practical application of the identified green chemistry lessons. Academic-industry partnerships will foster better inventions that are cheaper and less of a burden to the environment [47]. This may involve research partnerships where industries and institutions can partner to conduct research, sponsored research where industries support research in academic institutions and knowledge exchange where parties share knowledge and skills. This is because successful university-industry partnerships can enhance the advancement and quicker adoption of green chemistry strategies since they bring together the academic background of a university and the practical experiences and funds of an industry partner [48].

The third aspect of this framework of collaboration is the role of government. One of the panellists said, “The government of the day should be able to help with policies to make sure that in this area of green chemistry, the support is given.” The support at the policy level is important to create an enabling environment, which enhances the implementation of green chemistry. This can include the ‘green’ legislation to promote the use of safer chemicals and processes, financial support to fund research for green chemistry and regulations and policies that shape a sustainable environment [3]. Another participant has emphasised the role of policy support by stating “Now, thank God for the keynote speakers, they have raised some points, which are very good, even from our discussions this morning. Okay, when we take it to the industry, and at the end of the day, when we come with tangible products, and if we don’t carry the government along, policies that can’t just, you know, without all the effort, there is a need to collaborate with government.” This statement highlights the interconnected nature of these collaborations and the need for a holistic approach that includes all stakeholders. However, it remains a challenge to guarantee that these collaborations will be fair and reasonably productive especially when the partners come from different geographical and system environments [49]. “Beyond Benign” is a non-governmental organisation dedicated to promoting green chemistry education worldwide [50]. They develop and disseminate educational resources to empower educators, students, and the community to practice sustainability through chemistry. Beyond Benign offers a variety of programmes, including professional development for teachers, a green chemistry curriculum for K-12 and higher education, workshops and webinars. Beyond Benign has generously sponsored our green chemistry programme, which has greatly bolstered the inter-University collaboration in Nigeria. As part of this effort, an inter-university event consisting of a panel discussion on “Innovating with green chemistry in the 21st century” was organised and insights from many Nigerian professors of chemistry were sought in an effort to encourage green practices among chemists. It also underscored the significance of partnership in promoting environmental consciousness through green chemistry education.

Green Chemistry Connections sponsored by Beyond Benign has proven to enhance global collaboration and outreach among teachers, Professors, and researchers. Green chemistry initiatives are discussed through their weekly webinars. These webinars are very useful as they offer free and open-source education to teachers and professors from around the world raising awareness of green chemistry at all levels of education. Companies attend these webinars to stay abreast on the trends in green chemistry and adapt their practices to be more environmentally friendly, educators also benefit from such webinars. It can be seen that the collaboration involves a global dimension of education for a sustainable future. Another participant said, “When we are coming together to collaborate, there should be written policy that we are going to, you know, the partners involved, you must agree on that, okay, this is what you want to do.” This approach of establishing clear agreements and expectations from the outset can help prevent misunderstandings and ensure that all parties benefit from the collaboration. The matter of fairness of cooperation was also attributed to the developed and developing countries’ partnerships. As noted in the discussion, most developing countries may have abundant resources that can be employed to support green chemistry. Additionally, one participant said, “We have an abundance of local resources available to us. What raw material do you want that you don’t have in Africa, that you don’t have in Nigeria?” Such resources, utilised in partnerships, can create solutions that are unique due to the specific needs and environments of the region. In this light, efforts from developing country researchers were encouraged as a participant stated, “We cannot continually depend on the advanced nations but from our side let us try.” This resonates with the need for fairer and more participative schemes in green chemistry where the developing nations are actors rather than mere receptors of technology and information [51].

Meanwhile, it is crucial that these collaborations do not perpetuate existing power imbalances or lead to exploitation. International cooperation in green chemistry should aim at the development of multiple institutions and, the exchange of knowledge and learning not the transfer of technologies [3]. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and cooperation in the advancement of green chemistry was another matter that was also discussed. One of the panellists pointed to the practices of “inquiry-based learning” and “problem-based learning” as enabling key thinking skills in addressing green chemistry issues. These are well in line with the modern scientific trends toward the integration of different disciplines, which are characteristic of the majority of important innovations in the sphere of green chemistry [20]. The cross-functional teamwork may encompass the chemical, engineering, biological, environmental, and social sciences to solve multifaceted sustainability problems. For instance, bio-based materials are a research area that will demand a combined effort from chemists, material science engineers, and biologists. Also, implementing green chemistry practices in industries will require input from chemists, engineers, environmentalists, economists, and policymakers.

It is in this regard that the panel recommended the following approaches to leverage such collaborations. This involves working with government, multinational companies and NGOs in the adoption of best practices, creating technical capacity by training the subordinates and involving local resources and knowledge [52]. According to one panellist, “We all have problems, let’s focus on them, let’s solve them armed with green chemistry.” The panel also advised using digital technologies to enhance collaborations in green chemistry. It was stated that there would be more integration of green chemistry with digital technologies in the future such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data analysis. These technologies can improve collaboration in terms of the transfer of data, the option for collaboration from a distance, and the acceleration of the search and optimisation of new chemicals [53]. However, technology has its limitations such as limits of access and equity, which may also appear when using technologies that are oriented to collaboration [38]. The two potential obstacles that developing countries could encounter include inadequate infrastructure for communication and human capital that might hinder their vigorous engagement in many of these digital cooperations. All these differences should serve as the key consideration in future planning of cooperation in the practice of green chemistry. Additionally, the panel discussion also emphasised the need for entrepreneurship spirit to advance the continuation of green chemistry partnerships. One of the participants suggested “entrepreneurship” as one of the possible additions to the 13 principles of green chemistry. This aligns with the growing recognition of start-ups and SMEs as champions of innovation in green chemistry [54]. Thus, entrepreneurial collaborations can help to close the gap between academic research findings and industrial solutions to promote new green chemistry innovations on the market. They can appear in different models, including academic spin-offs, and cooperation between start-ups, and large companies. The realisation of such business dreams through incubators, accelerators, and funding programmes can go a long way in helping to spur green chemistry collaborations. The panel further pointed out that effective cooperation is crucial for the promotion of green chemistry. These strategic partnerships cut across academic institutions, industry, government and civil society organisations crucial in managing sustainable development challenges of the 21st century [55]. One of the panellists summarised it quite accordingly by stating, “The synergy should be there. I concur with that.” Meanwhile, certain issues must be solved to enhance the potential of such cooperation. These are to ensure fair partnership with special reference to international development, to promote green chemistry education and training, to promote information communication technology (ICT) technology for sustainable chemistry while addressing the digital divide, and to enhance a supportive policy environment towards sustainable chemistry. As we look to the future, it is apparent that further efforts towards fruitful collaborations will be essential to the advancement and application of green chemistry principles. This will entail dialogues, promoting seamless knowledge awareness, and providing engagement opportunities for the actors in different sectors and regions. Thus, in the ever-progressing field of green chemistry, these collaborative efforts will remain crucial in the development of a sustainable future.

Green Chemistry Awareness

Green chemistry awareness has been established to be an important area of focus within the world of chemistry and the environment [20]. Thus, promoting and enhancing the awareness of green chemistry principles and practices were discussed in the light of certain strategic imperatives for different stakeholders, with a focus on educational institutions and the broad public as shown in [Figures 11] and [12]. The Green Chemistry Connections webinars provided by Beyond Benign have been key in this call to awareness. These webinars offer teachers globally an opportunity to understand and incorporate fresh innovations in green chemistry. Free availability of such materials enables Beyond Benign to guarantee that teachers can update their knowledge base and promote sustainable development goals continuously. This initiative aligns with SDG 4: Quality Education and Global Goal 17 – Partners for Implementation focusing on education as one of the most critical aspects in sustainable development and partnerships and cooperation towards these goals. One of the most discussed aspects was the need to introduce green chemistry concepts into both formal and informal learning environments at all levels. For instance, one of the panellists said, “Every institution, as I mentioned, should ensure that the idea of green chemistry should be included into the curriculum of the schools at all levels and ensure that the curriculum is well implemented.” This is in agreement with the early introduction of sustainability concepts that influence the students’ perception and participation in environmental-related issues [56].

Figure 11 Green chemistry awareness.

Figure 12 Green chemistry awareness pyramid.

Green chemistry literacy was emphasised by the panel and it was underlined that it should be an ongoing process, starting with primary education and continuing up through tertiary education. Through this strategy, foundation awareness will be developed, which in the future can be built on by students as they move to higher levels of learning. As one participant stated, “From there, they are creating awareness on green chemistry.” This approach is supported by studies indicating that environmental education is most effective when it is sustained over time and integrated across various subjects [57]. One of the key factors discussed by the panel that can significantly improve green chemistry awareness is the training and improving the capacity of educators. One of the panellists emphasised saying, “There should be training and capacity building. The staff to enhance this understanding of green chemistry principles and practices should be empowered to contribute to all these initiatives that we are talking about and drive them very well.” This underlines the necessity of professional development to provide teachers with the knowledge and skills required to integrate green chemistry concepts into the curricula. Studies have indicated that teacher training plays an important role when it comes to the effective delivery of new educational reforms especially those concerning science education [58], [59].

The discussion also touched upon the importance of innovative teaching methods in promoting green chemistry awareness. One panellist suggested, “Let’s introduce problem-based learning. I introduce this in my teaching. Let's introduce problems. You will be amazed with contributions coming up from the students.” This paradigm of learning is consistent with the current approaches to learning and teaching that encourage the use of problem-based learning strategies [60]. One of these approaches is problem-based learning that has been found useful in teaching concepts in science as well as promoting critical thinking among learners [60]. The panel also discussed the role of practical experiments and hands-on activities in enhancing students' understanding of green chemistry principles. As one participant noted, “Let’s put in hands-on activities, experiments that really highlight green chemistry.” This approach is supported by research showing that laboratory experiences can significantly enhance students' understanding of scientific concepts and processes [61], [62].

Concerns were raised about the newness of the field with possibly new developments and technologies as evident in the literature [63], [64]. One panellist emphasised, “We need to stay informed and be adaptive also at the school level as to the latest development, the latest technologies that have to do with green chemistry.” This highlights the dynamic nature of the field and the importance of continuous learning and adaptation in green chemistry education. The panel also addressed the role of digital technologies in raising awareness about green chemistry. One participant suggested, “How can social media and digital platforms be leveraged to raise awareness and promote green chemistry principles to a wider audience?” This emphasised the increased consciousness of the role that digital media in the dissemination of science [65]. Hence, social networks and other sources available on the internet can also be employed to expand the sphere of influence of the given group and interest people in matters related to green chemistry and sustainability.

The use of simple language rather than technical jargon during dissemination and awareness was emphasised. “We can’t run away from all of these entities coming together to actually promote green chemistry.” This collaborative approach is supported by research showing that partnerships between academia, industry, and government can accelerate innovation and the adoption of sustainable practices [66]. However, one of the participants objected, “Let the market woman know that there is something called a better way of doing things, which is referred to as green chemistry.” This exemplifies the need to fight ignorance of chemistry and make people see science in a different positive light. The discussion touched upon the importance of showcasing successful applications of green chemistry principles. One panellist suggested, “Can you share examples of successful applications of green chemistry principles in industry?” This approach can help to demonstrate the practical benefits of green chemistry and inspire further adoption of sustainable practices [67]. One of the participants posed the question, “How can we measure and evaluate the impact of green chemistry practices on sustainability, economic development, and human health?” The question created the need for assessment methods in the practice of green chemistry to determine the level of progress made and what strategies should be pursued in increasing awareness of green chemistry. Thus, the improvement of awareness of green chemistry in the future will need contributions from different spheres of society. Thus, educational establishments, industries, government, and civil society must share the responsibilities of the recognition and implementation of green chemistry standards [20].

Sustaining the future of green chemistry entails increased advocacy for awareness and support from both the private and public sectors through awareness creation and supportive policies from the government as well as interdisciplinary cooperation between academia, industries, and the government to encourage various industries to adopt green chemistry practices. It asserts its potential to revolutionise industries and help create processes that are efficient sustainable development and conform to the principles of the circular economy.

Green Chemistry Integration/Inclusion

The incorporation of principles of green chemistry in educational systems and organisations has advanced over time due to the increasing demand for environmentally viable solutions to the world’s problems today. The green chemistry integration and inclusion panellist’s discussion revealed several crucial elements of this process to stress the holistic and complex culture of green chemistry implementation. systematic inclusion of green chemistry into curricula of various educational levels was a major concern among the focus group. “We should make sure that the concept of green chemistry is inputted into the curriculum of all the schools at all levels, and also see to the implementation of the curriculum very well.” This sentiment echoes the findings of numerous studies in science education, which emphasise the importance of early and continuous exposure to sustainability concepts in shaping students' understanding and attitudes towards environmental issues [68]. The panel emphasised the importance of starting green chemistry education at the primary school level and continuing through secondary and tertiary education. This approach aims to build a strong foundation of understanding that can be progressively developed as students advance in their academic careers as shown in [Figures 13] and [14]. As one participant stated, “From there, they are creating awareness on green chemistry.” This strategy also adopted the educational theories that encourage the interleaving of information in which new information is inputted into the learner based on the existing knowledge that the learner already possesses [69]. This integration of green chemistry concepts into the regular chemistry curriculum will require creativity. One panellist suggested, “We can use green chromatography in our experiment. So all this, we can put them into our curriculum, when we are designing experiments. It is part of green chemistry.” This approach of integrating green chemistry principles into existing courses, rather than treating them as a separate subject, is supported by research showing that contextualised learning can enhance student engagement and understanding [20].

Figure 13 Educational integration levels for green chemistry.

Figure 14 Integration framework.

The inclusion of green chemistry into teaching-learning programmes from the basics to the university level is crucial, which lays the preliminary groundwork for future partnerships. This approach is consistent with a study that pointed out that education and training in green chemistry are vital if society is to build a workforce that can address sustainability concerns [20]. By teaching these concepts early on, students will start developing the green chemistry mindset for taking the concepts with them to universities, industries, or government organisations in the future. The discussion also touched upon specific strategies for incorporating green chemistry into various branches of chemistry. Also, the relationships between industry, policymakers, government, and students require the acknowledgement of changes in attitudes and funding/support. Loyd Bastin in his article, “Political engagement in organic chemistry: An advocacy project utilising green and sustainable chemistry,” shows that the concepts of organic, green and sustainable chemistry are not just restricted to the lab and that students, as future leaders, can help local governments understand the importance of a sustainable environment. In this way, education sows seeds of changes and such educational approaches may be indeed influential in other parts of the world [70]. As one panellist noted, “In organic now, when you are talking of catalytic reactions, you know, use of enzymes, enzymes are specific, then you are trying to say, give you your products of interest.” This example illustrates how green chemistry principles can be applied in organic chemistry courses, demonstrating the relevance of these concepts across different areas of the discipline. The panel also emphasised the importance of hands-on, practical experiences in green chemistry education. One participant stated, “Let’s put in hands-on activities, experiments that really highlight green chemistry.” This approach is supported by extensive research in science education, which has shown that practical laboratory experiences can significantly enhance students' understanding of scientific concepts and processes [71].

The interdisciplinary integration of green chemistry principles and practices should also be considered. As one panellist noted, “What role can interdisciplinary collaboration play in driving innovation in green chemistry? How can researchers from different fields work together effectively?” This is necessary to break down barriers between disciplines in the study and development of green chemistry that corresponds to the current trends in scientific research that have gone a long way to embrace interdisciplinarity in combating environmental issues such as climate change [72]. The panel also addressed the role of advanced technologies in green chemistry education and research. One participant mentioned, “Now, the way we carry out our research, you know, there will be differences from a conventional method, you know, the way we carry out synthesis in terms of a reduction of synthetic steps, use of more renewable and sustainable materials.” This comment reflects the ongoing evolution of green chemistry practices and the need for educational programmes to keep pace with these developments. The discussion also touched upon the importance of integrating computational methods and artificial intelligence into green chemistry education. As one panellist stated, “We are talking about chemistry 4.0. That’s the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to solve our problem.” This emphasis on advanced computational methods in green chemistry education reflects the growing importance of these tools in modern scientific research and industry [73].

The panel emphasised the need for a holistic approach to green chemistry integration that goes beyond the classroom. One participant noted, “As part of our local, our community development, let’s carry the community around us along as part of our responsibility.” This suggestion aligns with theories of community-based learning and the importance of connecting academic knowledge with real-world applications [74]. The necessity of the industrial implementation of green chemistry principles was also emphasised. For example, one of the questions posed by the panellist was: “How do you envision industries embracing the principles of green chemistry?” this encourages colleges and universities to incorporate practices to prepare learners for the application of green chemistry principles in the industries in which they are likely to find themselves. Studies have revealed that industry-academia collaborations can be of the essence in closing this gap and guaranteeing that educational programmes meet industry demands [75], [76]. Beyond Benign offers professional training opportunities and materials worldwide for many green chemistry education goals such as those mentioned herein. Although more widely engaged in North America (their region of origin) [77], they are engaged worldwide with institutes signed up in Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa (https://www.beyondbenign.org/he-whos-committed/).

The panel also emphasised the need for a systems-thinking approach to green chemistry integration. As one participant noted, “We cannot continue to rely on advanced nations, but from our own end, let’s contribute our own quota.” This comment reflects the growing recognition of the interconnected nature of global environmental challenges and the need for localised solution and action. The panel also discussed the role of international collaboration in promoting green chemistry integration. One participant suggested, “Let’s engage with the government, multinationals, NGOs. Let’s come to share best practices that we can address our challenges, our common challenges by using the knowledge of green chemistry.” This emphasis on global partnerships aligns with research showing that international collaboration can accelerate the development and dissemination of sustainable technologies [33]. The panel also discussed the barriers to integrating green chemistry and the best ways of tackling these challenges like the provision of teachers’ professional development, supportive policies, and global partnerships. The importance of systems thinking when integrating green chemistry into the supply chain was discussed in the consideration of the interconnected environment and the localised solutions needed.

Overall, the implementation and enforcement of green chemistry principles in educational systems and the corporate world will require the collaborative effort of educators, researchers, policymakers and business leaders in the future. Such complex and systematic integrative implementation should be aimed at reaching a better and sustainable future in which green chemistry principles are integrated into education and industry systems [78].

Future of Green Chemistry Practices

The future of green chemistry practices can lie in the future of scientific advancement and the sustainability agenda as shown in [Figures 15] and [16]. As environmental problems remain pressing on the international level, the importance of green chemistry in creating a better tomorrow rises. As one panellist noted, “I still see prospects. I see a future in green chemistry in the next decade.” Green chemistry possibly holds the key to solving various environmental problems and at the same time spurring innovation in the chemical industry [18]. The panel also pointed out several fields that would witness considerable progress in the years to come such as the application of AI in chemistry and technological advancement in catalysis. One participant stated, “In the next decade, I believe there will be advances in our technical innovations, in the areas of catalysis, machine learning, and artificial intelligence.” There is current progress in chemical research, and AI and machine learning are already starting to transform the discovery of new green chemical processes [79], [80]. The discussion also touched upon the growing importance of circular economy principles in the future of green chemistry. As one panellist noted, “I believe our circular economy, you know, will be improved through this green approach, the knowledge of green chemistry, you know, is not only for reuse, people are aware of recycling.” This focus on circularity aligns with a broader trend across the chemical industry of promoting more sustainable approaches to production and disposal, with a focus on using resources efficiently with little waste [81]. Similarly, nanotechnology and materials science will be key drivers for the future of green chemistry as one of the participants said, “And in fact, nanotechnology and material science as well will be promoted. There will be development of green materials, you know, the environmentally friendly materials.” Meanwhile, recent trends in nanotechnology are pointing to the development of nanomaterials for environmental applications including environmental clean-up, and sustainable energy conversion [82], [83].

Figure 15 Future trends in green chemistry.

Figure 16 Impact areas and opportunities.

The discussion also pointed to the need to incorporate principles of green chemistry in the creation of biodegradable products. As one panellist noted, “I believe by this, you know, there will be advancements, you know, by the use of biodegradable materials, you know, like our biodegradable polymers.” This support for biodegradable materials follows the global campaigns against plastic pollution and the need to come up with eco-friendly packaging material [84]. The panel also addressed the role of policy and regulation in shaping the future of green chemistry practices. One participant predicted, “We may, from the government and the regulators, the chances are there that we are going to see more stringent regulations and policies to promote the adoption of green chemistry principles.” This expectation of increased regulatory pressure is consistent with global trends towards stricter environmental regulations and the growing recognition of the need for sustainable chemical management [2].

Another discussed future trend was the synergy of green chemistry with digital tools. In the words of one of the panellists, “We may have to integrate with digital technologies in the future, whereby green chemistry will be increasingly integrated with digital technologies.” This prediction aligns with the concept of “Chemistry 4.0,” which envisions a future where digital technologies, including the Internet of Things and big data analytics, are seamlessly integrated into chemical processes to enhance efficiency and sustainability. The discussion also highlighted the potential for green chemistry to drive economic development. As one panellist stated, “How can we measure and evaluate the impact of green chemistry practices on sustainability, economic development, and human health?” This question underscores the potential for green chemistry to contribute not only to environmental sustainability but also to economic growth and public health improvements.

Therefore, in the future, the development of green chemistry will be vital to combating the earth’s problems and implementing the concept of sustainable development more actively. The field seems to remain very active in the future as there is a possibility of the emergence of new principles and new practices as a result of changes in environmental agendas and new technologies [85]. The panellists’ emphasis on teamwork, information exchange, and cross-disciplinary methodologies may be taken to imply that the future development of green chemistry will involve more cooperation and integration between different fields and organisations.

Recommendations

The panellists gave recommendations for the further development of green chemistry and offered several valuable ideas and practical tips for people, groups, and authorities. These recommendations cover several aspects, including education and training, research, policy, and industrial applications, thus providing a long-term vision of green chemistry’s development and potential as shown in [Figures 17] and [18]. One of the major recommendations that was made is the need to pursue and extend more education on green chemistry. Notably, one of the panellists stated, “Every institution should make sure that the concept of green chemistry is inputted into the curriculum of all the schools at all levels, and also see to the implementation of the curriculum very well.” This was based on evidence drawn from literature that argues that behavioural changes on matters of sustainability start from the early years of a student’s learning [86]. The American Chemical Society (ACS) committee on professional training reviewed the ACS guideline for Bachelor’s degree programmes to incorporate green chemistry and systems thinking into the education programme [87]. This shift will occur in 2025, mandating that programmes for undergraduate chemistry approved for implementation must integrate the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry. Moreover, the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) does pay attention to the idea of green chemistry as it is reflected in its journals and other materials [88]. The chemical industry is important for the economy of every country and the Green Chemistry journal published by the RSC only demonstrates fresh thinking toward the chemical processes that should have minimal effect on the environment. Education and training in green chemistry are equally important at every level of education starting from the basic education level to the tertiary level as this is viewed as a platform on which the foundation for future practice based on green chemistry principles will be laid. The panel also emphasised that students need to acquire practical, internship experience to participate in green chemistry education. One participant suggested, “Let's put in hands-on activities, experiments that really highlight green chemistry.” Such a strategy is in line with the best practices in education, which prove the effectiveness of using highly personalised techniques to increase students’ knowledge of rather complicated subjects [89]. The integration of the above examples of practical experiments and real-life applications of green chemistry principles into educational programmes can help prepare students for their future professional work.

Figure 17 Key recommendations framework.

Figure 18 Implementation priority matrix.

Another important recommendation was the need to intensify the cooperation of chemists with other disciplines in the field of green chemistry and its education. For example, one of the panellists asked, “What role can interdisciplinary collaboration play in driving innovation in green chemistry? How can researchers from different fields work together effectively?” This focus is in line with the current trend in universities to embrace interdisciplinarity as the key approach to solving multifaceted environmental issues [90]. Introducing chemists, engineers, biologists and other professionals related to the study of sustainability could be encouraged to come up with better and more practical solutions. The panel also highlighted the importance of staying abreast of technological advancements in the field of green chemistry. One participant stated, “We need to stay informed and be adaptive also at the school level as to the latest development, the latest technologies that have to do with green chemistry.” This recommendation underscores the rapidly evolving nature of green chemistry and the need for continuous learning and adaptation. Institutions and individuals involved in green chemistry should actively seek out information on new developments, such as advances in catalysis, biotechnology, and computational methods, to ensure their practices remain at the forefront of sustainability efforts [91]. Another emphasised area of improvement was increased engagement with policymakers and industry actors. As one panellist asked, “What strategies can be employed to engage and educate policymakers, industry leaders, and other stakeholders on the importance of green chemistry?” Promoting the right communication channels and establishing engagement between academia, industry, and government could go a long way in increasing the adoption of the principles of green chemistry on a larger scale [92]. The panel also emphasised the importance of making green chemistry concepts accessible and relevant to the general public. One participant suggested, “Let the market woman know that there is something called a better way of doing things, which is referred to as green chemistry.” This recommendation aligns with research on science communication, which emphasises the importance of making scientific concepts relatable to everyday life [65]. Through this, the green chemistry community will generate more awareness about sustainable chemistry and this can be achieved through outreach programmes and organisational initiatives.

The importance of developing better assessment tools to evaluate the effectiveness of the principles of green chemistry was also emphasised. As one panellist asked, “How can we measure and evaluate the impact of green chemistry practices on sustainability, economic development, and human health?” This emphasised the necessity for establishing the framework of metrics and evaluation to measure effectiveness and improvements in sustainability, economic development, and human health due to the implementation of green chemistry. Such assessments could assist in providing the crucial fact-findings for advocating green chemistry solutions and the deepening of the policy agenda. The panel also underlined the need to promote entrepreneurship in the sphere of environment-friendly green chemistry. However, one of the participants suggested that the term ‘entrepreneurship’ should be included in the list of principles since the practice of utilising green chemistry may foster a generation of new business concepts. This aligns with the growing literature on ‘green’ entrepreneurial activities in the drive towards the attainment of sustainable development goals [93]. The cultivation of green chemistry start-ups and innovations can play a very significant role in encouraging the enhancement of sustainable chemistry. A crucial recommendation that emerged from the discussion was the need for increased international collaboration in green chemistry research and education. One panellist suggested, “Let’s engage with the government, multinationals, NGOs. Let's come to share best practices that we can address our challenges, our common challenges by using the knowledge of green chemistry.” This emphasis on multi-country cooperation recognises global environmental issues do not have borders, and this sharing of ideas can help in getting green solutions at a faster pace. However, there should be a greater effort in promoting the actual application of green chemistry principles. As one participant asked, “How do you think industries can adopt green chemistry practices?” This idea will go a long way in understanding that industries are key players in supporting the practice of sustainable chemical practices. Facilitating possible solutions that could address the current challenges to industrial adoption of green chemistry, such as costs or legislation, might significantly boost the evolution of improved chemical sustainability [3]. Another important recommendation was the need for continued research and innovation in green chemistry. As one panellist noted, “So, there will be continual researches, whether from the academia or the industry or the research institutes, you know, to provide solutions to this problem.” This new research focus is quite significant to respond to new environmental problems and to create improved chemical processes and structures. Increased grants for green chemistry innovations and encouraging the relationships between academic institutions and industries might help this change [20]. Another significant recommendation was the call for enhanced communication and information exchange amongst chemistry researchers. “Let us come and share best practices that we can address our challenges, our common challenges by using the knowledge of green chemistry.” This perspective could bring out the spirit where people align with novel solutions to advance the area of sustainability since the focus will be on knowledge-sharing [94]. The same panel also regarded increasing attention to the prospect of green chemistry for climate change mitigation and adaptation. One of the participants stated, “We cannot dismiss this matter of climate change and mitigation and adaptation; we are a developing nation and therefore must embrace the chemistry that will help reduce the greenhouse emission.” This proposal embraces the central philosophy of green chemistry as an essential tool towards coping with a modern-day global problem. A large number of chemical processes and products that decrease greenhouse gas emissions and benefit communities living in climates could create substantial boosts to sustainability [95].

To overcome the challenges posed by this investment and encourage innovative green chemistry, therefore, some measures are needed, at least: This is aimed at improving green chemistry teaching and training for all students, enhancing stakeholder engagement comprising industries and governments, emphasis on local issues and solutions, international cooperation and catalysing implementation among the SMEs. Addressing these issues systematically indicates that such developing nations as Nigeria can play a key role in improving global sustainability, and at the same time, they can benefit from green chemistry innovations to create new business opportunities. Even as green chemistry progresses further as a discipline, it remains apparent that innovation will occupy a vital position in addressing problems of sustainability globally. Some of the lessons learnt from this panel discussion indicate that green chemistry research and implementation solutions require contextual features of developing nations. Also, one of the key findings for consideration is the concept of open-access publishing. Journals such as SC NOW, RSC Sustainability, and Green Chemistry Letters & Reviews are among the most important disseminating routes that connect the leaders of the scientific world, publishing the latest scientific developments. Green chemistry innovations are promptly made available to all academicians and researchers as open-access publishing guarantees that the newest discovery is with no extra cost. This democratisation of information is crucial for encouraging new development of science and cooperation with scientists, especially in developing countries where journal costs are very high. In this way, there is a chance to reach the idea of how green chemistry can contribute to the preservation of the environment and promote economic growth.

As green chemistry continues to advance as a field, it must also be noted that the ultimate objective of the former is to become an incorporated component of chemical processes. Paul Anastas, often acclaimed as the father of green chemistry once remarked that the field should one day become redundant because everyone would then be practising green chemistry. This means that future chemists will be prevented from developing endocrine-disrupting substances, and more so be encouraged to use earth-friendly substances [96].

It is also equally important to define the difference between green chemistry and sustainable chemistry. While green chemistry is concerned with the design of new chemical products and processes specifically to minimise the use of hazardous substances, sustainable chemistry is a much broader concept that includes attention to the utilisation of natural resources efficiently and the creation of new opportunities, including improved metallurgical processes and photovoltaic cells. In this way the scientific community can accept these differences and, as a result of this, it becomes easier to address all the problems under the umbrella of sustainability [97].

Trends and Outlooks

Green chemistry in Nigerian universities is witnessing significant trends in their courses of study in their bid to adopt sustainable qualities and innovations. Some key trends include:

1. Curriculum Integration: Incorporating more green chemistry concepts in undergraduate as well as postgraduate courses. Establishment of specific schedules and subjects related to green chemistry.

2. Research Initiatives: An increasing interest in scientific articles focused on the design of greener chemical synthesis and materials. It can be seen that more attention is being paid to ‘Nanotechnology and Advanced Material Science to face Environmental Issues’. For example, MoreGreen Plus, a green and nanochemistry organization at Tai Solarin University of Education is fostering sustainable research and initiatives that promotes a greener future. Researchers at the University of Nigeria are also exploring sustainable agriculture by reducing the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilisers, promoting natural alternatives

3. Academic–Industrial Collaboration: Enhancing the relationship between universities and other firms for the improvement of green chemistry innovations. More industry support for green chemistry research and applying the principles for products and processes.

4. Technology Adoption: Integration of Artificial Intelligence and/or Machine Learning in enhancing chemical processes, and the reduction of environmental effects.

5. Global Cooperation: Strengthened international cooperation in exchanging experience, materials, and effective practices in the field of green chemistry. Some Nigerian institutions, including Tai Solarin University of Education, are signing up to become Green Chemistry Signing Institutions under the Beyond Benign Green Chemistry Commitment (GCC) programme and joining the Green Chemistry Teaching and Learning Community (GCTLC) platform.

6. Sustainable Practices: Organic soluble materials like plants and vegetables are being utilised in green chemistry approaches in an attempt to fashion new techniques for water treatment processes. Those in renewable energy involve studying biofuels and other renewable energy as a way of cutting on the use of fossil energies. Waste management also adopts some green chemistry principles that focus on recycling, and reusing to minimise landfill waste. The industries in Nigeria are gradually using safer chemical substances and processes that emit little or no waste and pollution.

There is great potential for the growth of green chemistry in Nigerian universities based on the increasing interest in sustainable practices all over the world. However, goal achievement of such a level involves overcoming present difficulties, for example, the shortage of finances and resources. Through deliberate and concentrated years of work, Nigerian universities stand the chance to offer green chemistry education and research for local and international sustainable development.

Conclusions and Recommendations

On the one hand, the issues around green chemistry are complex enough that they pose challenges for Nigerian universities; at the same time, the existence of green chemistry means that universities are presented with opportunities to address and advance the subject. While the decision support system is gradually receiving attention as being crucial in addressing environmental challenges, the following factors limit its implementation. Some of these barriers include inadequate funding, resource constraints, and poor enlightenment. However, there is the prospect of embedding AI, enhancing materials science, building academic–industrial relationships, and performing systematic curricula changes.

Therefore, the present research calls for the inclusion and development of various components of green chemistry teaching, exchange, and policies for better global practice in chemistry. For green chemistry principles to be implemented in Nigeria there should be a collaboration of the academia, industry and the government.

Dr. Oyesolape Basirat Akinsipo

Dr. Oyesolape Basirat Akinsipo, née Oyelaja, is a distinguished researcher with a Ph.D. in Industrial Chemistry, specializing in Green Chemistry and Medical Nanotechnology. She is currently a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, (TASUED) Ogun State, Nigeria. She was awarded the DBT-TWAS Postgraduate Award in 2018, TETFUND Institutional Based Research Grant, 2023. Her groundbreaking research has led to the creation of national and international patents, including a recently obtained US Patent publication in 2024, demonstrating her commitment to innovative solutions that benefit society. She is the recipient of the 2024 Green Chemistry Challenge Award Grant from Beyond benign, sponsored by Millipore Sigma. This further highlights her contributions to sustainable chemistry. She is the visionary founder of MoreGreen Plus, an organization dedicated to advancing green Chemistry and nanotechnology initiatives at Tai Solarin University of Education. As an individual who is passionate about knowledge exchange and capacity building, Dr. Oyesolape serves as both trainee and trainer on Research Commercialization. She plays key roles as an advisor and mentor for innovative fellowship and female leadership, fostering the next generation of researchers. She facilitated her university's membership in the Beyond Benign Green Chemistry Commitment (GCC) program, making it a GCC Signing Institution, where she serves as the Primary Contact. She led the “2024 Virtual Conference and National Interuniversity Competition” held among Nigerian Universities to foster Green Chemistry Inclusion and awareness. Her research area focuses on greener synthesis methods and nanotechnological solutions to human and environmental health.

Dr. Oluwaseun Hannah Anselm

Dr. Oluwaseun Hannah Anselm is a passionate advocate for green chemistry and sustainable development. As a Lecturer in the Department of Chemical Sciences at Tai Solarin University of Education (TASUED), she has been teaching undergraduate courses in green and forensic chemistry for over 5 years, inspiring the next generation of chemists to adopt environmentally-friendly practices. Oluwaseun Anselm is a recipient of prestigious awards including Co-Awardee of Beyond Benign Grant (2024), TETFund Institutional Based Research Grant, Commonwealth Alumni Award, UK (2020), and Commonwealth Split-site Scholarship Award, UK (2017–2018). She co-founded MoreGreen Plus, an initiative within TASUED that advocates for the adoption of green chemistry through workshops, seminars, and outreach programs. Her passion for sustainability extends beyond the classroom as the founder of Ace Initiative for Sustainable Development, a non-profit organization dedicated to achieving a sustainable environment in Africa. With a Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry, Dr. Oluwaseun's research focuses on evaluating emerging contaminants and developing greener analytical methods for improved human health and a safer environment.

Contributors’ Statement

Conception and Design of work: O. B. Akinsipo; Data Collection: O. B. Akinsipo and O. H. Anselm; Statistical analysis: O. H. Anselm; Analysis and Interpretation of Data: O. B. Akinsipo and O. H. Anselm; Drafting the manuscript: O. B. Akinsipo and O.H. Anselm; Critical revision of the manuscript: O. B. Akinsipo.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the eight chemistry experts who participated in the focus group discussion and shared their valuable insights and expertise

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Publication History

Received: 31 October 2024

Accepted after revision: 29 January 2025

Accepted Manuscript online:
05 February 2025

Article published online:
11 March 2025