Die Frau im Sport – was ist anders?

Frauen sind keine „kleinen Männer“. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede sind auch im Bereich der Sportmedizin, der Sportphysiotherapie und in weiteren Gebieten der Medizin des Bewegungsapparates von großer Bedeutung.

Publication History

Article published online:
03 February 2025

• Literatur

• 1 Abbott A, Bird ML, Wild E. et al. Part I: Epidemiology and risk factors for stress fractures in female athletes. Phys Sportsmed 2020; 48 (1) 17-24
• 2 Alouini S, Memic S, Couillandre A. Pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence with or without biofeedback or electrostimulation in women: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022 19(05)
• 3 Amaral MO, Coutinho EC, Nelas PA. et al. Risk factors associated with urinary incontinence in Portugal and the quality of life of affected women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015; 131 (1) 82-6
• 4 Baxter-Jones ADG, Jackowski SA. Sex differences in bone mineral content and bone geometry accrual: A review of the Paediatric Bone Mineral Accural Study (1991–2017). Ann Hum Biol 2021; 48 (6) 503-16
• 5 Bazarian JJ, Blyth B, Mookerjee S. et al. Sex differences in outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27 (3) 527-39
• 6 Bo K, Artal R, Barakat R. et al. Exercise and pregnancy in recreational and elite athletes: 2016/17 evidence summary from the IOC Expert Group Meeting, Lausanne. Part 3 – exercise in the postpartum period. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51 (21) 1516-25
• 7 Boden BP, Torg JS, Knowles SB. et al. Video analysis of anterior cruciate ligament injury: Abnormalities in hip and ankle kinematics. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37 (2) 252-9
• 8 Bonjour JP, Chevalley T, Rizzoli R. et al. Gene-environment interactions in the skeletal response to nutrition and exercise during growth. Med Sport Sci 2007; 51: 64-80
• 9 Casey EK, Temme K. Pelvic floor muscle function and urinary incontinence in the female athlete. The Physician and Sportsmedicine 2017; 45 (4) 399-407
• 10 Changstrom BG, Brou L, Khodaee M. et al. Epidemiology of stress fracture injuries among US high school athletes, 2005–2006 through 2012–2013. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43 (1) 26-33
• 11 Clenin GE. The treatment of iron deficiency without anaemia (in otherwise healthy persons). Swiss Med Wkly 2017; 147: w14434
• 12 olenso-Semple LM, D‘Souza AC, Elliott-Sale KJ. et al. Current evidence shows no influence of women‘s menstrual cycle phase on acute strength performance or adaptations to resistance exercise training. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5: 1054542
• 13 Culleton-Quinn E, Bo K, Fleming N. et al. Elite female athletes‘ experiences of symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction: A systematic review. Int Urogynecol J 2022; 33 (10) 2681-711
• 14 Cowan SM, Kemp JL, Ardern CL. et al. Sport and exercise medicine/physiotherapy publishing has a gender/sex equity problem: We need action now!. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57 (7) 401-7
• 15 Damian MT, Vulturar R, Login CC. et al. Anemia in sports: A narrative review. Life (Basel) 2021 11(09)
• 16 Deep K. Collateral ligament laxity in knees: What is normal?. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2014; 472 (11) 3426-31
• 17 Diaz-Canestro C, Montero D. The impact of sex on left ventricular cardiac adaptations to endurance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50 (8) 1501-13
• 18 Diaz-Canestro C, Montero D. Sex dimorphism of VO2max trainability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2019; 49 (12) 1949-56
• 19 Dietz HP, Simpson JM. Levator trauma is associated with pelvic organ prolapse. BJOG 2008; 115 (8) 979-84
• 20 Dos'Santos T, Stebbings GK, Morse C. et al. Effects of the menstrual cycle phase on anterior cruciate ligament neuromuscular and biomechanical injury risk surrogates in eumenorrheic and naturally menstruating women: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18 (1) e0280800
• 21 Dumoulin C, Cacciari LP, Hay-Smith EJC. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 10 (10) CD005654
• 22 Elliott-Sale KJ, Minahan CL, de Jonge X. et al. Methodological considerations for studies in sport and exercise science with women as participants: A working guide for standards of practice for research on women. Sports Med 2021; 51 (5) 843-61
• 23 Gram MCD, Bo K. High level rhythmic gymnasts and urinary incontinence: Prevalence, risk factors, and influence on performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30 (1) 159-65
• 24 Griffin LY, Agel J, Albohm MJ. et al. Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: Risk factors and prevention strategies. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2000; 8 (3) 141-50
• 25 Hagen S, Stark D. Conservative prevention and management of pelvic organ prolapse in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 12: CD003882
• 26 Hardaker NJ, Hume PA, Sims ST. Differences in injury profiles between female and male athletes across the participant classification framework: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54 (6) 1595-665
• 27 Haukilahti MAE, Holmstrom L, Vahatalo J. et al. Sudden cardiac death in women. Circulation 2019; 139 (8) 1012-21
• 28 Henry YM, Fatayerji D, Eastell R. Attainment of peak bone mass at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and radius in men and women: Relative contributions of bone size and volumetric bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int 2004; 15 (4) 263-73
• 29 Hewett TE, Torg JS, Boden BP. Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: Lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism. Br J Sports Med 2009; 43 (6) 417-22
• 30 Holtzman B, Popp KL, Tenforde AS. et al. Low energy availability surrogates associated with lower bone mineral density and bone stress injury site. PM R 2022; 14 (5) 587-96
• 31 Hutson MJ, O‘Donnell E, Brooke-Wavell K. et al. Effects of low energy availability on bone health in endurance athletes and high-impact exercise as a potential countermeasure: A narrative review. Sports Med 2021; 51 (3) 391-403
• 32 Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Wang ZM. et al. Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 89 (1) 81-8
• 33 Kgosidialwa O, Agha A. Hypopituitarism post traumatic brain injury (TBI): Review. Ir J Med Sci 2019; 188 (4) 1201-6
• 34 Khasawneh RR, Allouh MZ, Abu-El-Rub E. Measurement of the quadriceps (Q) angle with respect to various body parameters in young Arab population. PLoS One 2019; 14 (6) e0218387
• 35 Kriemler S, Zahner L, Puder JJ. et al. Weight-bearing bones are more sensitive to physical exercise in boys than in girls during pre- and early puberty: A cross-sectional study. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19 (12) 1749-58
• 36 Krosshaug T, Nakamae A, Boden BP. et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball: Video analysis of 39 cases. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35 (3) 359-67
• 37 Larwa J, Stoy C, Chafetz RS. et al. Stiff landings, core stability, and dynamic knee valgus: A systematic review on documented anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in male and female athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021 18(07)
• 38 Liong SY, Whitehouse RW. Lower extremity and pelvic stress fractures in athletes. Br J Radiol 2012; 85 (1016) 1148-56
• 39 Magnusson SP, Hansen M, Langberg H. et al. The adaptability of tendon to loading differs in men and women. Int J Exp Pathol 2007; 88 (4) 237-40
• 40 Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe DS. et al. Effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program in preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33 (7) 1003-10
• 41 Marotta N, Demeco A, de Scorpio G. et al. Late activation of the vastus medialis in determining the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury in soccer players. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 29 (7) 952-5
• 42 McCarthy HD, Samani-Radia D, Jebb SA. et al. Skeletal muscle mass reference curves for children and adolescents. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9 (4) 249-59
• 43 McCormick R, Sim M, Dawson B. et al. Refining treatment strategies for iron deficient athletes. Sports Med 2020; 50 (12) 2111-23
• 44 Mendes A, Hoga L, Goncalves B. et al. Adult women’s experiences of urinary incontinence: A systematic review of qualitative evidence. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep 2017; 15 (5) 1350-408
• 45 Mihm M, Gangooly S, Muttukrishna S. The normal menstrual cycle in women. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 124 (3/4) 229-36
• 46 Miller BF, Hansen M, Olesen JL. et al. Tendon collagen synthesis at rest and after exercise in women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 102 (2) 541-6
• 47 Montalvo AM, Schneider DK, Yut L. et al. „What’s my risk of sustaining an ACL injury while playing sports?“ A systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53 (16) 1003-12
• 48 Moossdorff-Steinhauser HFA, Berghmans BCM, Spaanderman MEA, Bols EMJ. Prevalence, incidence and bothersomeness of urinary incontinence in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Urogynecology Journal. 2021
• 49 Moretti D, Goede JS, Zeder C. et al. Oral iron supplements increase hepcidin and decrease iron absorption from daily or twice-daily doses in iron-depleted young women. Blood 2015; 126 (17) 1981-9
• 50 Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM. et al. 2023 International Olympic Committee‘s (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med 2023; 57 (17) 1073-97
• 51 Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L. et al. International Olympic Committee (IOC) Consensus Statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S): 2018 Update. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28 (4) 316-31
• 52 Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L. et al. The IOC consensus statement: Beyond the Female Athlete Triad – Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med 2014; 48 (7) 491-7
• 53 Nieves JW. Sex differences in skeletal growth and aging. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2017; 15 (2) 70-5
• 54 Nikander R, Sievanen H, Heinonen A. et al. Targeted exercise against osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis for optimising bone strength throughout life. BMC Med 2010; 8: 47
• 55 Oosthuyse T, Strauss JA, Hackney AC. Understanding the female athlete: Molecular mechanisms underpinning menstrual phase differences in exercise metabolism. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123 (3) 423-50
• 56 Palmisano A, Darvizeh F, Cundari G. et al. Advanced cardiac imaging in athlete‘s heart: Unravelling the grey zone between physiologic adaptation and pathology. Radiol Med 2021; 126 (12) 1518-31
• 57 Patricios JS, Schneider KJ, Dvorak J. et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: The 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport – Amsterdam, October 2022. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57 (11) 695-711
• 58 Peeling P, McKay A. Iron regulation and absorption in athletes: Contemporary thinking and recommendations. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2023; 26 (6) 551-6
• 59 Peterson DF, Kucera K, Thomas LC. et al. Aetiology and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and death in young competitive athletes in the USA: A 4-year prospective study. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55 (21) 1196-203
• 60 Pollard CD, Braun B, Hamill J. Influence of gender, estrogen and exercise on anterior knee laxity. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2006; 21 (10) 1060-6
• 61 Putukian M, Purcell L, Schneider KJ. et al. Clinical recovery from concussion-return to school and sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57 (12) 798-809
• 62 Quatman CE, Ford KR, Myer GD. et al. The effects of gender and pubertal status on generalized joint laxity in young athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2008; 11 (3) 257-63
• 63 Resch JE, Rach A, Walton S. et al. Sport concussion and the female athlete. Clin Sports Med 2017; 36 (4) 717-39
• 64 Rizzoli R, Bianchi ML, Garabedian M. et al. Maximizing bone mineral mass gain during growth for the prevention of fractures in the adolescents and the elderly. Bone 2010; 46 (2) 294-305
• 65 Rizzone KH, Ackerman KE. Female athlete and sports-related concussions. Clin Sports Med 2021; 40 (1) 133-45
• 66 Schindler I, Pontes SS, Bertoni MBM. et al. A systematic review of isokinetic muscle strength in a healthy population with special reference to age and gender. Sports Health 2023; 15 (3) 328-32
• 67 Schmied C, Borjesson M. Sudden cardiac death in athletes. J Intern Med 2014; 275 (2) 93-103
• 68 Sims TS. ROAR. Emmaus. United States: Rodale Press Inc; 2016
• 69 Torstveit MK, Ackerman KE, Constantini N. et al. Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): A narrative review by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on REDs. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57 (17) 1119-26
• 70 Vasavada AN, Danaraj J, Siegmund GP. Head and neck anthropometry, vertebral geometry and neck strength in height-matched men and women. J Biomech 2008; 41 (1) 114-21
• 71 Woodley SJ, Lawrenson P, Boyle R. et al. Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 5 (5) CD007471
• 72 Wright AA, Taylor JB, Ford KR. et al. Risk factors associated with lower extremity stress fractures in runners: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49 (23) 1517-23
• 73 Wunderle K, Hoeger KM, Wasserman E. et al. Menstrual phase as predictor of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury in women. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2014; 29 (5) E1-8
• 74 Zazulak BT, Hewett TE, Reeves NP. et al. Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injury risk: A prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35 (7) 1123-30