Half-Sandwich d⁶-Metal (Co^III, Rh^III, Ir^III, Ru^II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective C–H Activation

Abstract

Transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective C–H activation provides a straightforward strategy to synthesize chiral molecules from readily available sources. In this graphical review, we summarize the progress on half-sandwich d⁶-metal (Co^III, Rh^III, Ir^III, Ru^II)-catalyzed enantioselective C–H functionalization reactions. The review is categorized according to the type of metal catalyst and chiral ligand employed. Representative enantio-determining models and catalytic cycles are presented.

Keywords

enantioselectivity - C–H activation - half-sandwich - cobalt - rhodium - iridium - ruthenium - chiral carboxylic acid

Biographical Sketches

from left to right

Pu-Fan Qian was born in Zhejiang, China. He joined the research group of Prof. Dr. Bing-Feng Shi in 2019 and received his B.Sc. degree from Zhejiang University in 2022. He is currently a Ph.D. student at Zhejiang University under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Bing-Feng Shi. His research interests focus on transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric C–H functionalization.

Jun-Yi Li was born in 2000 in Zhejiang Province, China. He received his B.Sc. degree from Zhejiang University in 2022. In the same year, he joined the Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University for his Ph.D. studies in the laboratories of Prof. Dr. Bing-Feng Shi. His research interests focus on transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric C–H functionalization.

Yi-Bo Zhou was born in Henan, China. He joined the Bing-Feng Shi group in 2020 and received his B.Sc. degree from Zhejiang University in 2022. He is currently a Ph.D. student at the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research interests focus on asymmetric C–H functionalization.

Tao Zhou was born in Hubei, China. He received his B.Sc. degree in 2012 at Shandong University and his Ph.D. in 2017 from Nankai University under the supervision of Professor Bai-Quan Wang. He subsequently worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the group of Prof. Bing-Feng Shi at Zhejiang University, and was promoted to associate professor in 2021. His current research interests are focused on transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric C–H activation.

Bing-Feng Shi was born in Shandong, China. He received his B.S. degree from Nankai University in 2001 and his Ph.D. in 2006 from the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences under the guidance of Professor Biao Yu. Following a period as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, San Diego (2006–2007), he moved to The Scripps Research Institute working with Professor Jin-Quan Yu as a research associate. In 2010, he joined the Department of Chemistry at Zhejiang University as a professor. His research focus is directed towards transition metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization and its application in the synthesis of biologically important small molecules.

Direct asymmetric C–H activation, which is a process capable of transforming C–H bonds into C–C or C–X bonds and generating new stereocenters in a single step, is a particularly attractive strategy for the concise synthesis of chiral molecules from readily available sources. To date, one of the most successful methods is directing-group-assisted enantioselective C–H activation using high-valent metal catalysts. In 2008, pioneering work was reported by Yu and co-workers on Pd(II)-catalyzed enantioselective C–H activation using monoprotected amino acids (MPAAs) as chiral ligands.[1] The use of MPAAs or related bidentate ligands realized various enantioselective C(sp²)–H and C(sp³)–H functionalization reactions. Furthermore, mechanistic studies indicated that chelation of the MPAAs or related bidentate ligands at the square planar Pd center with four coordination sites is key to the high enantiocontrol. However, the bidentate monoprotected amino acids and related ligands could not be applied to piano-stool Co^III, Rh^III, Ir^III, and Ru^II catalysts as there is only one coordination site available for an external chiral ligand.

On the other hand, half-sandwich d⁶ metals (e.g., Co^III, Rh^III, Ir^III, Ru^II) have attracted significant attentions due to their versatile reactivity and selectivity, good functional group tolerance, and stability. Through the continuous efforts of chemists, three main strategies have been developed to enable half-sandwich d⁶-metal-catalyzed asymmetric C–H activation. The first strategy involves the use of tailor-made chiral Cp^x ligands to bind with Co^III, Rh^III, or Ir^III, or chiral arene ligands to bind with Ru^II. The chiral Cp^x or chiral arene pre-coordinating strategy is powerful for its board substrate scope and various functionalization. Besides, several types of well-designed monodentate chiral carboxylic acids (CCAs) have also been developed to realize half-sandwich d⁶-metal-catalyzed enantioselective C–H functionalization reactions. The third strategy takes advantage of a chiral transient directing group (cTDG). Some other specialized strategies have also been disclosed, including enantioselective alkylation of olefins enabled by disulfonates, transition-metal/organocatalyst synergetic catalysis and so on. These works has greatly promote the development of enantioselective C–H activation and provide efficient and convenient methods to access diverse chiral skeletons. In this graphical review, we have summarized the rapid progress made on half-sandwich d⁶-metal-catalyzed enantioselective C–H activation in the past years, which was categorized according to different metal catalysts. We hope that this graphical review will stimulate further researches on the development of novel chiral ligands and strategies in this emerging research topic.[2]

Figure 1 The development and challenges of half-sandwich d⁶-metal (Co^III, Rh^III, Ir^III, Ru^II)-catalyzed enantioselective C–H activation and two pioneering reports on Rh-catalyzed asymmetric C–H activation in 2012[3a–ad]

Figure 2 Chiral Cp^xRh-catalyzed enantioselective C–H activation with olefins[4`] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] [g] [h] [i] [j]

Figure 3 Chiral Cp^xRh-catalyzed enantioselective C–H activation/nucleophilic addition with alkenes, alkynes and aldehydes[5`] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f]

Figure 4 Chiral Cp^xRh-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of chiral amides and heterocycles[6`] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] [g] [h] [i] [j]

Figure 5 Enantioselective [4+1]-annulations of acrylamides/acids catalyzed by chiral Cp^xRh catalysts[7`] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] [g]

Figure 6 Asymmetric construction of quaternary carbon centers in spirocyclic compounds via chiral Cp^xRh-catalyzed annulations[8`] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] [g] [h] [i] [j]

Figure 7 Asymmetric construction of axially chiral compounds via chiral Cp^xRh-catalyzed annulations with alkynes[9`] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] [g]

Figure 8 Chiral Cp^xRh-catalyzed asymmetric formation of axially chiral compounds and chiral helicenes[4c] ^, [10`] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f]

Figure 9 Synthesis of P- and S-stereogenic compounds via chiral Cp^xRh-catalyzed enantioselective C–H functionalization[11`] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f]

Figure 10 Construction of compounds with multiple chirality using a chiral Cp^xRh complex or an achiral Cp*Rh species combined with asymmetric organocatalysis[12`] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] [g]

Figure 11 Cp*Rh^III-catalyzed enantioselective C–H functionalization enabled by chiral carboxylic acids/disulfonates as ligands or by a chiral amide as a chiral transient directing group[13`] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] [g]

Figure 12 Ir^III-catalyzed enantioselective C–H functionalization with chiral Cp^x [14`] [b] [c] [d]

Figure 13 Achiral Cp*Ir^III-catalyzed enantioselective C–H functionalization using chiral carboxylic acids as ligands[15`] [b] [c] [d] [e]

Figure 14 Cp^xCo^III-catalyzed enantioselective C–H functionalization via asymmetric alkylation[16`] [b] [c] [d]

Figure 15 Achiral Cp*Co^III-catalyzed enantioselective C–H functionalization using chiral carboxylic acids as ligands[17`] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f]

Figure 16 Ru^II-catalyzed enantioselective C–H functionalization[18`] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] [g] [h] [i]

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment

We are grateful to current and former members of the Shi group who have contributed to the development of this field.

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Publication History

Received: 25 July 2023

Accepted after revision: 04 September 2023

Accepted Manuscript online:
06 September 2023

Article published online:
05 October 2023