Resuming endoscopy during COVID-19 pandemic: ESGE, WEO and WGO Joint Cascade Guideline for Resource Limited Settings

Introduction

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has forced endoscopy units to stop or markedly reduce all elective endoscopic procedures and has consequently contracted endoscopic capacity throughout the world, with growing concern for a mid- and long-term increase in the burden of gastrointestinal diseases [1] [2] [3] [4]. The reopening of endoscopic services is crucial to resume elective procedures but must be balanced with the need to protect healthcare personnel who are already over-represented in terms of COVID 19 morbidity and mortality [5] [6] [7].

Resumption of partial or full endoscopy capacity depends on implementation of several interventions, such as availability of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), COVID-19 testing, distancing and separation according to the level of infection, use of telemedicine, availability of vaccines and others. At least some of these interventions are resource-consuming, representing a limitation in developing countries [8].

The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) and the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) have all issued position statements providing guidance and recommendations for the resumption of endoscopic activity following peaks/waves of COVID-19 [5] [6] [9] [10]. The majority of recommendations in the position papers are based on expert opinions and early survey-based or observational evidence. Many recommendations are resource-sensitive and may be unavailable in low-resource settings due to issues such as extensive costs, personnel unavailability, lack of sufficient healthcare professional training and logistical limitations [8] [11].

At the time this paper was drafted, nearly 3 million cases and 70 000 coronavirus-related deaths had been reported in the African Continent, with the majority of states still reporting a high rate of community transmission [12]. Furthermore, the availability and the access to COVID-19 vaccination in African countries may be limited [13].

The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and the World Gastroenterology Organization (WGO) have been publishing Cascade guidelines aiming to apply existing data and adapt existing guidelines for use in resource-limited settings [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]. This Cascade guideline is the result of a joint effort of ESGE, WEO and WGO, aiming to standardize guidance for resumption of gastrointestinal endoscopy in the different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic also in resource limited settings.

Methods

The methodology of the cascade guidelines has previously been described in an ESGE position paper [17]. Briefly, statements of the ESGE, ASGE and BSG guidelines were extracted in a dedicated sheet. Partially or totally overlapping recommendations were merged to create a single body of statements.

Following this step, members of the ESGE International Affairs Working Group (IAWG), of WEO and of WGO independently categorized the statements as resource sensitive or not. Those with an agreement of 50 % or more for being resource sensitive were selected for the revision process and subsequently, adaptions were suggested for the four previously defined resource levels ([Table 1]).

Table 1 Level of treatment.

I: Basic	Core resources or fundamental services absolutely necessary for an endoscopy care system to function. By definition, a health care system lacking any basic level resource would be unable to provide endoscopic service to its patient population. It includes diagnostic procedures (gastroscopy and colonoscopy) as well and fundamental monitoring abilities (blood pressure, basic blood biochemistry).
II: Limited	Second-tier resources or services that produce major improvements in outcome, such as increased survival, but that are attainable with limited financial means and modest infrastructure. It includes minor endoscopic procedures to improve major clinical outcomes (i. e. sclerotherapy/adrenaline injection, band ligation, plasma expanders, basic surgical interventions).
III: Enhanced	Third-tier resources or services that are optional but important. Enhanced-level resources may produce minor improvements in outcome but increase the number and quality of therapeutic options. Most procedures that improves clinical outcome are available (i. e. biliopancreatic endoscopy, electrosurgical unit, polypectomy/mucosectomy, anaesthesia back-up).
IV: Maximal	High-level resources or services that may be used in some high-resource countries or be recommended in guidelines that assume unlimited resources. To be useful, maximal-level resources typically depend on the existence and functionality of all lower-level resources.

The modified statements were then subject to a Delphi process with expert doctors from low- and medium-income Countries (LMIC), where a rate of agreement of 75 % or higher of all adaptions for all resource levels led to acceptance of the Cascade statement [17]. Experts from LMIC were contacted based upon contact lists of all three societies (ESGE, WEO, WGO). If a 75 % agreement was not reached, the statement was subject to another round of modification before a final Delphi process was carried out.

Results

Cascade statements

Statement selection

All statements of the three original position papers were extracted to a dedicated excel sheet. Similar or overlapping statements were merged, and the statements were categorized in broad subsections. Overall, 46 statements resulted from this process, of which 21 statements were selected as resource sensitive by the working group. For this analysis, resource levels III and IV were merged. Three adapted cascade statements – one for each level – were created for each of the original recommendations, making a total of 63 adapted cascade guideline statements.

Delphi process

Overall, 17 experts from 9 countries participated in the Delphi process expressed their degrees of agreement for each of the recommendations. Details of the participants are provided in [Table 2]. A ≥ 75 % agreement was achieved for 16 of 21 proposed adaptations.

Table 2 Characteristics of the participants in the Delphi Process.

Geographical area	Number of participants N (%)
Algeria	1 (5.8 %)
Ethiopia	4 (23.5 %)
France	1 (5.8 %)
Kenya	1 (5.8 %)
Morocco	2 (11.7 %)
Mozambique	1 (5.8 %)
Nigeria	3 (17.6 %)
Senegal	1 (5.8 %)
Tunisia	3 (17.6 %)

Five cascade recommendations failed to achieve the ≥ 75 % agreement level. The main points of disagreement among the participants regarded the availability and use of PPE and of COVID screening and testing. In detail, the use of pre-procedural testing was said to be often unavailable even for tertiary centers, except when a high risk of transmission is suspected. In addition, an excessive time lag between testing and procedure was seen as falsely reassuring and discouraged. These statements were revised and adaptation was extended to Level II, but not to Level III as it was decided that whenever possible this strategy should be nonetheless recommended. Some participants pointed out the custom of re-using clean PPE or the washing and sterilizing of used PPE.

Cascade adaptation

Each original recommendation with the accepted adaptations is reported in [Table 3]. Original statements were divided in the following domains:

1. General recommendations

2. Practical recommendations

   • Patient and staff protection, PPE use, infection prevention and control

   • COVID-19 screening and testing

   • Procedure scheduling

   • COVID-19 “minimized” units

Table 3 Adapted recommendations according to level of treatment care.

General Recommendations	Adaptation
Resumption of endoscopy services is critically dependent on the availability of PPE	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
Choice of PPE level should be determined by patient risk stratification, the nature of the proposed procedure and the results of patient testing.	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) interventions must be tailored to the local availability and affordability of resources, while keeping in consideration the local prevalence of COVID-19 and community viral transmission rates.	Level I: In case of unavailability of single-use PPE for every procedure, re-use of PPE under certain conditions may be considered Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
Given the lack of high-level evidence, the exclusive use of serology or rapid antigen-testing for pre-endoscopy patient triage cannot be recommended at this time.	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
A return to full gastrointestinal endoscopy procedure capacity should be pursued in those areas without evidence of community transmission of COVID-19, while continuing to adhere to IPC measures.	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
Gastrointestinal endoscopy units involved in endoscopy training and research activities may gradually restart their endoscopy training programs and research activities, provided this will not further delay needed gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
No changes are recommended to established reprocessing procedures for endoscopes and accessories. Standard bedside pre-cleaning, followed by manual cleaning and high-level disinfection in the reprocessing facility should continue.	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
No changes are recommended to ‘terminal cleaning’ procedures for cleaning and disinfecting the endoscopy unit at the end of the day.	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
In areas with limited endoscopic capacity, scheduling of patients should be prioritized reflecting the potential of serious outcomes with delay of procedures. Providers should indicate the patient’s procedural tier in their telehealth visit or telephone encounter note.	Level I: In case of telephone unavailability, prioritization can be done in the scheduling phase by the provider. Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
Patients’ fears of contracting COVID-19 infection while visiting an endoscopy unit should be properly addressed.	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
In “COVID Minimized” Units: Prioritizing procedures which may be less aerosol generating- flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy – as the risk of viable, transmissible virus in stool appears to be much lower	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
In “COVID Minimized” Units: A slower throughput of patients to reduce the risk of positive and negative patients meeting	Level I: In case of unavailability of multiple rooms, lower risk procedures may be performed in separate days (“COVID minimized” days) than high-risk procedures. Level II: When two endoscopy suites are available, we suggest to create a “COVID-minimized” area, combined with separated pre- and post-endoscopy waiting areas if available. Level III: No adjustment
Practical Recommendations
Patient and Staff Protection, PPE use, Infection Prevention and Control
Pre procedure COVID-19 questionnaire within 72 hours of visit on the telephone. Consider using risk stratification questionnaires including questions regarding fever, travel history, occupational exposure, contact history and clustering type).	Level I: Telephone contact may be unavailable, so we suggest a risk stratification questionnaire physically on the endoscopy day. However, HCP administering the questionnaire should use highest available PPE. Level II: No adjustment, however, in the case of telephone unavailability for patients in rural areas, we suggest to refer to level I suggestion. Level III: No adjustment; however, in the case of telephone unavailability for patients in rural areas, we suggest referring to level I suggestion.
Update of questionnaire upon arrival at facility	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
Patients should notify presence of any change in symptoms or condition that may occur between scheduling and procedure date.	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
Daily questionnaire to healthcare personnel (HCP)	Level I: HCP should be aware of any COVID-like symptoms arising Level II: HCP should be aware of any COVID-like symptoms arising Level III: HCP should be aware of any COVID-like symptoms arising
Supplemental use of telehealth services can be considered	Level I: Telehealth services may not be available at all centers Level II: Telehealth services may not be available at all centers Level III: No adjustment
Onsite forehead temperature measurement (patients and HCP)	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
Appropriate social distancing of patients (and staff) needs to be addressed pre- and post-procedure. Possible interventions: markings at 1.5 m for distancing, waiting benches modifications for distancing, staff policing the waiting room and assuring distancing and PPE are implemented, etc.	Level I: In case of unavailability of enough waiting room space, patients should be asked to wait outside the endoscopy room in designated areas or scheduling should be adapted to accommodate for space needs Level II: Appropriate social distancing of patients (and staff) needs to be addressed pre- and post-procedure. Possible interventions: markings at 1.5 m for distancing, waiting benches modifications for distancing, staff policing the waiting room and assuring distancing and PPE are implemented, etc. Level III: No adjustment
Patients should be surveyed 1 to 2 weeks post procedure to record adverse events and assess interval COVID-19 symptoms or positive test results.	Level I: Due to potential lack of phone and/or testing availability, patients should be educated to report to the center in case of "COVD-like" symptoms development Level II: Due to potential lack of phone and/or testing availability, patients should be educated to report to the center in case of "COVID-like" symptoms development Level III: No adjustment
If positive test of staff or patient, contact tracing should be initiated	Level I: In case of staff or patient positivity, local healthcare authorities should be informed and "intra-unit" contact tracing should be performed Level II: In case of staff or patient positivity, local healthcare authorities should be informed and "intra-unit" contact tracing should be performed Level III: No adjustment
All patients and staff should wear ear-loop surgical masks at all times when in the facility.	Level I: In case of unavailability of surgical masks, the use of cloth-masks can be considered Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
When putting on or taking off PPE, proper hand hygiene needs to be practiced.	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
All staff (endoscopy and other) should be trained on unit's COVID-19 protocol (required PPE, don and doff, disposal, etc.)	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
PPE for Pre-admission staff: Surgical/ear loop masks Nitrile gloves	Level I: In case of unavailability of surgical masks, the use of cloth-masks can be considered. Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
Staff PPE in pre- and post-operative area: Surgical/ear loop masks Nitrile gloves N95 respirator or equivalent can be considered, depending on availability, if direct patient contact, e. g. helping patients gown or dress, conducting patients out of center for discharge	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
PPE in operative/procedure room: N95 respirator or equivalent Nitrile gloves Impervious gowns, if available. Laundered gowns have replaced lightweight disposable gowns in some centers Face shields/eye protection Head covering (hair net, bouffant type or surgical cap)	Level I: In case of unavailability of recommended PPE, the highest level of available PPE should be employed, based on local pandemic phase, patient risk status and procedure priority Level II: In case of unavailability of recommended PPE, the highest level of available PPE should be employed, based on local pandemic phase, patient risk status and procedure priority Level III: No adjustment
COVID Screening and Testing
Where possible, all outpatients being considered for endoscopy should undergo antigen testing based on molecular diagnosis (PCR or iNAAT) 1–3 days prior to their procedure	Level I: Pre-endoscopy testing may not be readily available or have a long turnaround time and, as such, may not be part of routine pre-endoscopy screening Level II: Pre-endoscopy testing may not be readily available or have a long turnaround time and, as such, may not be part of routine pre-endoscopy screening Level III: No adjustment
A test-and-scope strategy in asymptomatic patients, where testing is negative, might be considered to save PPE.	Level I: Pre-endoscopy testing may not be readily available or have a long turnaround time and, as such, may not be part of routine pre-endoscopy screening Level II: Pre-endoscopy testing may not be readily available or have a long turnaround time and, as such, may not be part of routine pre-endoscopy screening Level III: No adjustment
A test-and-scope strategy in symptomatic patients, where testing is negative, may identify patients so that gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures are not postponed.	Level I: Pre-endoscopy testing may not be readily available or have a long turnaround time and, as such, may not be part of routine pre-endoscopy screening Level II: Pre-endoscopy testing may not be readily available or have a long turnaround time and, as such, may not be part of routine pre-endoscopy screening Level III: No adjustment
In the case of limited molecular testing availability, testing should be reserved for those patients considered to be at high-risk for having COVID-19 infection.	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
Procedure Scheduling
The high administrative burden of telephone screening ± antigen testing and telephone follow-up is likely to require endoscopy units to have additional administrative and clerical staff to deliver this.	Level I: In case of unavailability of additional staff, existing staff may be reorganised to undertake pre- and post- endoscopic screening Level II: In case of unavailability of additional staff, existing staff may be reorganised to undertake pre- and post- endoscopic screening Level III: No adjustment
Room Requirements and Cleaning Measures
Reprocessing staff should be donning personal protective equipment (PPE) that includes gloves, gown, face shield, bonnet and mask (N95 if available).	Level I: If not all recommended PPE are available, reprocessing staff should use the highest grade of PPE available in the center Level II: If not all recommended PPE are available, reprocessing staff should use the highest grade of PPE available in the center Level III: No adjustment
EPA-registered hospital-grade disinfectant solutions and wipes should be used in procedure rooms to clean all high-touch and horizontal surfaces	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
“COVID Minimized” Units
Linear patient flow through the unit, (no crossing of COVID positive and negative pathways, separate entrance and exit)	Level I: Due to unavailability of multiple rooms, lower risk procedures may be performed in separate days ("COVID minimized" days) than high-risk procedures. Level II: When two endoscopy suites are available, we suggest to create a "COVID-minimized" area, combined with separated pre- and post-endoscopy waiting areas if available. Level III: No adjustment
Keeping known /suspected COVID patients out of “COVID-minimized” units (e. g. scope in theatre or at the bedside)	Level I: Known or suspected COVID patients should be scoped separately (e. g. end of the day or "hot days"). Level II: Known or suspected COVID patients should be scoped separately (e. g. end of the day or "hot days"). Level III: No adjustment
Smaller units, or where there are few units in a region, could have “COVID-minimized” and “hot” days of the week, or could prioritize inpatients and COVID-positive patients in separate rooms, prioritised to the afternoon to allow deep cleaning and settling of the rooms overnight	Level I: No adjustment Level II: No adjustment Level III: No adjustment
Staff will also require enhanced viral screening to maintain “COVID-minimized” units. e. g. pre-work symptoms and fever-free confirmation; staff rotation to work between “hot” and “COVID-minimized” parts of a hospital or sites should be avoided.	Level I: Due to shortage of trained endoscopy staff, separation between "COVID-minimized" staff and "hot" staff may not be possible. HCP should report any possible exposure or COVID-like symptoms. Level II: Due to shortage of trained endoscopy staff, separation between "COVID minimized" staff and "hot" staff may not be possible. HCP should report any possible exposure or COVID-like symptoms. Level III: No adjustment

IPC, Infection Prevention and Control; HCP, healthcare personnel; PPE, personal protective equipment

For the cascading, it was assumed that basic endoscopy is available at all levels of care.

Limitations in PPE-availability, lack of testing capacity prior to endoscopy and infrastructural deficits regarding room space and contact tracing will impact on reopening of centers and resumption of endoscopy activity.

Most centers in low and middle-resource regions perform manual reprocessing of endoscopes. This practice, if done properly with all precautionary measures, will not be expected to lead to a higher risk of COVID-19 infections in staff involved in reprocessing. Since the virus is easily destroyed by soaps and alcohol, cross contamination of patients is also unlikely.

However, added to availability of endoscopy, some specific resources influenced the adaptation of the original guidelines and can be categorized as follows:

1) Personal Protective Equipment

The availability of PPE is a barrier for level I and II. Thus, single-use PPE may be reutilized for more than one procedure. In the case of lack of availability of N95, the use of surgical mask is recommended. Alternatively, the use of cloth masks may be an option when surgical masks are unavailable. Methods to sterilize single-use PPE are in use in certain settings. WGO has produced guidance for use of PPE in low resource settings [20].

2) Triage and tracing

Due to infrastructure issues and remote location of patients from hospitals, contact between the health centre and the patients before endoscopy for triage and/or testing is often not feasible in levels I and II. In this case, it has been recommended to triage patients on the day of endoscopy at least for symptoms and signs. Similarly, a systematic policy of triage according to symptoms/signs should be recommended to healthcare professionals (HCPs). At a similar level, a policy of systematic tracing of patients after procedures is not available, and may be replaced by instructing patients to notify whenever symptoms appear in the days following the endoscopic procedure. In case patients report symptoms suggestive for COVID and no testing is available, these cases should be considered positive for COVID.

3) Medical and non-medical staff

Most services in developing countries are short-staffed, and this may be worsened by redeployment of endoscopy manpower to COVID areas. In addition, part of the staff should be redirected to tasks of pre-procedural risk assessment. To minimize infection risk, a possible stratification may be proposed with procedures at low-risk of viral transmission to be allocated in one day/session, and the others in different days/sessions (“COVID-minimized” days/units). Ideally, HCPs should rotate in a fixed way so that only those exposed should be removed in case of transmission. However, when organizing COVID “minimized” units/days, staff availability should be taken into account.

4) Infrastructure

Health facilities in levels I and II face space issues to apply social distancing. Family attendance should be avoided whenever possible. The proposal of COVID “minimized” days, where only low-risk patients and procedures are scheduled may be a more viable alternative than COVID-minimized areas in the same unit, in units where space is a limiting factor.

5) Vaccination

Since the societies recommendations were published, development and rollout of the first COVID-19 vaccines have commenced world-wide [21] [22]. It is likely that more vaccine candidates will be available and the WHO has indicated a strong need to prioritise access to LMIC where populations are most vulnerable [23]. Most countries that have commenced a vaccination program have targeted vulnerable populations first, and health workers second, as initial vaccine recipients. The successful rollout of vaccines in LMIC may further enable rapid opening of endoscopy facilities, and minimise risk to staff and patients, and is strongly encouraged. However, as immunisation efficacy may be variable, and new COVID-19 strains continue to be discovered, recommendations for PPE and infection control remain unchanged, even for vaccinated staff and patients.

Conclusion

In conclusion, when summarizing international societies’ recommendations regarding the resumption of endoscopy during COVID-19 pandemic, almost half of these resulted to be critically dependent on sensitive resources, primarily personal protective equipment. Using a previously validated methodology, we have adapted resource sensitive recommendations to resource limited settings, with particular regard to PPE, limited infrastructure, staff shortage and triage procedures.

The cascade adaptations presented here are in conjunction with return strategies reported previously, and which mainly included pre-screening and risk stratification based on questionnaires and temperature measurement [8]. Strategies for multiple use of PPE, especially N95 masks and water-resistant long-sleeved gowns, have also been described, and may form an important part of return strategies in resource-poor regions. COVID-19 infection rates, with temporary surges in disease activity, will most likely persist; nevertheless, the risk of infection for endoscopy staff must be weighed against the benefits for patients presenting for endoscopy. Unlike in most European countries with elective endoscopic activity centered around screening programs, the indications for endoscopic procedures in resource-poor regions are usually symptom-driven, and often include alarm symptoms such as bleeding or dysphagia [17]. As such, resumption and maintenance of endoscopic activity is crucial for mortality and prognosis of gastrointestinal disorders in such settings. Reuse strategies for PPE, on-site triage of patients as well as introduction of “COVID-minimized days” have formed the framework of the cascade adaptations to guide HCP in resource-poor settings through the COVID-19 pandemic.

Appendix 1 Endoscopy and COVID-19 Cascade Working Group.

Surname	Name	Country
Titsaoui	Djamila	Algérie
Fikadu Girma	Gudissa	Ethiopia
Yemisrach	Chanie	Ethiopia
Hailemichael Desalegn	Mekonnen	Ethiopia
Paulos	Shume	Ethiopia
thierry	ponchon	France
Michael	Mwachiro	Kenya
Dafr allah	Benajah	Morocco
Mohamed	Borahma	Morocco
Prassad	Modcoicar	Mozambique
Chukwuemeka	Osuagwu	Nigeria
Uchenna	Ijoma	Nigeria
Babatunde	Duduyemi	Nigeria
Ibrahima	Diallo	Senegal
Dorra	Trad	Tunisia
Meriam	Sabbah	Tunisia
Lamine	Hamzaoui	Tunisia

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Publication History

Received: 28 January 2021

Accepted: 23 February 2021

Article published online:
17 March 2021