Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Aerobic Capacity in Amateur Indoor Football Players

Abstract

Inspiratory muscle training represents a recommended clinical practice to improve physical performance of healthy individuals, athletes, and those with chronic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate whether high- and low-intensity inspiratory muscle training interferes with the aerobic capacity of indoor soccer players. Volunteers were equally and randomly divided into CON (control group, no inspiratory muscle training); HIG (high-intensity group, inspiratory muscle training at 80% of maximal inspiratory pressure, 3 sets of 12 repetitions); and LIG (low-intensity group, inspiratory muscle training at 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure, 2 sets of 20 repetitions). Before and after inspiratory muscle training, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, the incremental shuttle run test, and the 3-min step test were evaluated. Both inspiratory muscle training protocols improved maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, and indirect maximal oxygen consumption and distance traveled in the shuttle test compared to CON. However, only HIG achieved significant increases of indirect oxygen consumption and frequency of step rise in the 3-min step test (p<0.05). Inspiratory muscle training is an important tool to enhance maximal inspiratory pressure and exercise tolerance with potential benefits on submaximal aerobic capacity. However, high-intensity inspiratory muscle training improved aerobic capacity in amateur indoor soccer players in both submaximal tests.

Key words

inspiratory muscle training - indoor football - aerobic performance - athlete - muscle training protocol

• References

• 1 Robergs RA, Ghiasvand F, Parker D. Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 287: R502-R516
• 2 Tomlin DL, Wenger HA. The relationship between aerobic fitness and recovery from high intensity intermittent exercise. Sports Med 2001; 31: 1-11
• 3 Avelar A, Santos KMd, Cyrino ES. et al. Perfil antropométrico e de desempenho motor de atletas paranaenses de futsal de elite. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2008; 10: 76-80
• 4 Barbero-Alvarez J, Soto V, Barbero-Alvarez V. et al. Match analysis and heart rate of futsal players during competition. J Sports Sci 2008; 26: 63-73
• 5 Archiza B, Andaku DK, Caruso FCR. et al. Effects of inspiratory muscle training in professional women football players: a randomized sham-controlled trial. J Sports Sci 2018; 36: 771-780
• 6 Enright SJ, Unnithan VB, Heward C. et al. Effect of high-intensity inspiratory muscle training on lung volumes, diaphragm thickness, and exercise capacity in subjects who are healthy. Phys Ther 2006; 86: 345-354
• 7 Kilding AE, Brown S, McConnell AK. Inspiratory muscle training improves 100 and 200 m swimming performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 108: 505-511
• 8 Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR. et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43: 1334-1359
• 9 Sonetti DA, Wetter TJ, Pegelow DF. et al. Effects of respiratory muscle training versus placebo on endurance exercise performance. Respir Physiol 2001; 127: 185-199
• 10 Tong TK, Fu FH, Chung PK. et al. The effect of inspiratory muscle training on high-intensity, intermittent running performance to exhaustion. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33: 671-681
• 11 Brown PI, Sharpe GR, Johnson MA. Inspiratory muscle training reduces blood lactate concentration during volitional hyperpnoea. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 104: 111-117
• 12 McConnell AK, Sharpe GR. The effect of inspiratory muscle training upon maximum lactate steady-state and blood lactate concentration. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 94: 277-284
• 13 Guy JH, Edwards AM, Deakin GB. Inspiratory muscle training improves exercise tolerance in recreational soccer players without concomitant gain in soccer-specific fitness. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28: 483-491
• 14 Ozmen T, Gunes GY, Ucar I. et al. Effect of respiratory muscle training on pulmonary function and aerobic endurance in soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 57: 507-513
• 15 Najafi A, Ebrahim K, Ahmadizad S. et al. Improvements in soccer-specific fitness and exercise tolerance following 8 weeks of inspiratory muscle training in adolescent males. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59: 1975-1984
• 16 Harriss D, MacSween A, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2020 update. Int J Sports Med 2019; 40: 813-817
• 17 Costa D, Gonçalves HA, Lima LP. et al. Novos valores de referência para pressões respiratórias máximas na população brasileira. J Bras Pneumol 2010; 36: 306-312
• 18 Basso RP, Regueiro EMG, Jamami M. et al. Relação da medida da amplitude tóraco-abdominal de adolescentes asmáticos e saudáveis com seu desempenho físico. Fisioter Mov 2011; 24: 107-114
• 19 Bianco A, Jemni M, Thomas E. et al. A systematic review to determine reliability and usefulness of the field-based test batteries for the assessment of physical fitness in adolescents – The ASSO Project. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2015; 28: 445-478
• 20 Mayorga-Vega D, Aguilar-Soto P, Viciana J. Criterion-related validity of the 20-m shuttle run test for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness: A meta-analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2015; 14: 536-547
• 21 Leger LA, Lambert J. A maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict VO2 max. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1982; 49: 1-12
• 22 Santo AS, Golding LA. Predicting maximum oxygen uptake from a modified 3-minute step test. Res Q Exerc Sport 2003; 74: 110-115
• 23 Thompson PD, Arena R, Riebe D. et al. ACSM’s new preparticipation health screening recommendations from ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Curr Sports Med Rep 2013; 12: 215-217
• 24 Caetano FG, de Oliveira MJ, Marche AL. et al. Characterization of the sprint and repeated-sprint sequences performed by professional futsal players, according to playing position, during official matches. J Appl Biomech 2015; 31: 423-429
• 25 Flett MR, Huth M. Ethnographic descriptions of youth training environments and coaching in Brazil. Int J Sports Sci Coa 2014; 8: 3-25
• 26 Bailey SJ, Romer LM, Kelly J. et al. Inspiratory muscle training enhances pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise tolerance in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109: 457-468
• 27 Illi SK, Held U, Frank I. et al. Effect of respiratory muscle training on exercise performance in healthy individuals. Sports Med 2012; 42: 707-724
• 28 Segizbaeva M, Timofeev N, Donina ZA. et al. Effects of inspiratory muscle training on resistance to fatigue of respiratory muscles during exhaustive exercise. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015; 840: 35-43
• 29 Darwin Gatica K, Manterola C. Effect of abdominal muscle training on respiratory muscle strength and forced expiratory flows in sedentary, healthy adolescents. Arch Argent Pediatr 2016; 114: 434-440
• 30 Sandercock G, Voss C, Cohen D. et al. Centile curves and normative values for the twenty metre shuttle-run test in English schoolchildren. J Sports Sci 2012; 30: 679-687
• 31 Bangsbo J. Quantification of anaerobic energy production during intense exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: 47-52
• 32 Gastin PB. Energy system interaction and relative contribution during maximal exercise. Sports Med 2001; 31: 725-741
• 33 Dempsey JA, Romer L, Rodman J. et al. Consequences of exercise-induced respiratory muscle work. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 151: 242-250
• 34 Sheel AW, Derchak PA, Morgan BJ. et al. Fatiguing inspiratory muscle work causes reflex reduction in resting leg blood flow in humans. J Physiol 2001; 537: 277-289
• 35 Balaban RS, Nemoto S, Finkel T. Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell 2005; 120: 483-495