Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in neuromuscular control
and mechanical properties of the ankle-stabilizing muscles between men and
women, and during different phases of menstrual cycle in women. Fifteen women
with regular menstrual cycles and 17 male counterparts were included in this
study. Electromyographic signals were recorded from the peroneus longus (PL) and
tibialis anterior (TA) muscles while performing three balance tasks. Muscle
tone, stiffness, and elasticity of muscles were measured using a MyotonPRO in
the resting position. Outcomes were measured twice (ovulation and early
follicular phases) for women, while measurements were acquired only once for
men. Significantly higher tibialis anterior-peroneus longus co-contraction
(TA/PL ratio) was observed in all balance tasks in women than in men
(p< 0.05); however, significant differences between phases of the
menstrual cycle were noted only in the 2 most difficult tasks (p< 0.05).
A similar pattern was observed in the postural sway. These results highlight the
importance of sex-specific hormonal effects on neuromuscular control and
mechanical properties, and as well as the differences during phases of the
menstrual cycle. These insights assume significance in the context of developing
neuromuscular strategies for the purpose of preventing lower extremity injuries
during sports activities.
Key words
estrogen - menstrual cycle - mechanical properties - sex-difference - lower limbs
- neuromuscular activation
