Abbreviations
ADR:
adenoma detection rate
ARR:
adjusted rate ratio
CI:
confidence interval
CRC:
colorectal cancer
EMR:
endoscopic mucosal resection
ESGE:
European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
FIT:
fecal immunochemical test
FOBT:
fecal occult blood test
GRADE:
Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
Hb:
hemoglobin
HGD:
high grade dysplasia
HR:
hazard ratio
LST:
laterally spreading tumor
OR:
odds ratio
PICO:
population, intervention, comparison/control, outcome
RCT:
randomized controlled trial
RR:
risk ratio
SD:
standard deviation
SERT:
Sydney EMR Recurrence Tool
SIR:
standardized incidence ratio
SSL:
sessile serrated lesion
This Guideline is an official statement of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE). It is an update of the previously published 2013 Guideline addressing the role of post-polypectomy colonoscopy surveillance.
Fig. 1 Colonoscopy surveillance intervals following polypectomy.
Introduction
This Guideline represents an update of the Guideline on post-polypectomy endoscopic surveillance published by the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) in 2013 [1 ].
Previous recommendations were primarily based on estimates of the risk of metachronous advanced neoplasia (advanced adenoma or colorectal cancer [CRC]) according to the endoscopic and histological features at the baseline colonoscopy that represented most of the available evidence.
According to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology adopted for ESGE guidelines [2 ]
[3 ], a hierarchy across outcomes must be created, and the main recommendations should be based on the estimates of benefit and risk (burden) of the most clinically relevant outcomes. In this regard, risk of CRC incidence and mortality was ranked as a more relevant outcome than the risk of metachronous advanced neoplasia for estimating the benefit of post-polypectomy surveillance. Of note, this applies both to the stratification of baseline risk at index colonoscopy and to the assessment of the efficacy of endoscopic surveillance.
Recently, a series of cohort studies assessed the post-polypectomy risk of CRC incidence/mortality with and without endoscopic surveillance. The overall long-term CRC risk following polypectomy appeared to be similar or slightly higher than for the general population or for patients without adenomas. In detail, a 2 % absolute long-term CRC risk for post-polypectomy patients without surveillance has been shown, ranging between 1.1 % and 2.9 % according to the baseline risk stratification [4 ]. These estimates were confirmed in a surveillance setting, with a 10-year CRC incidence risk between 0.44 % and 1.24 %, and mortality risk between 0.03 % and 0.25 % [5 ]. In addition, the efficacy of surveillance for patients at high risk of CRC appeared to be less than 1 % [4 ], while it was ineffective in patients at lower risk (Table 1s ; see Appendix 1s , online-only Supplementary Material). Of note, these estimates are much lower than the 3 % long-term CRC risk required in one guideline for recommending CRC screening [6 ]. Overall, this new evidence supports a very conservative and selective approach to post-polypectomy surveillance.
As compared with the 2013 ESGE Guideline, the roles of some endoscopic or histological risk factors have been questioned. In particular, the risks of multiplicity or of villous histology regarding CRC in the long-term seem to be low or negligible, hence the relevance of these factors in stratification of the baseline risk is now questioned [4 ]
[7 ]
[8 ]. Furthermore, additional evidence based on long-term risk of CRC incidence and mortality has become available with regard to serrated polyps, strengthening the previous recommendations [9 ]
[10 ]
[11 ].
The efficacy of endoscopic surveillance must be weighed against safety and burden. Diagnostic colonoscopy is considered to entail a very low risk of adverse events with estimates of 0.05 %, 0.25 %, and 0.003 % for perforation, bleeding, and death, respectively [12 ]. However, these risks may increase in patients with co-morbidities or older age [13 ] (Table 2 s ). In addition, unfavorable psychological effects of surveillance have also been shown, at least in patients with high risk adenomas [14 ]. Colonoscopy capacity is limited and is mainly expended in population-based organized CRC screening programs, as either work-up of a positive fecal-based stool test or primary screening intervention. The very high prevalence of adenomas in the era of quality assurance and high definition colonoscopy – up to over 70 % of the screening population [15 ] – mandates a conservative surveillance policy in order to avoid waste of resources [14 ]
[16 ]
[17 ]
[18 ] (Table 3s ).
The primary aim of this ESGE update is to incorporate new evidence into the clinical recommendations to be adopted in routine and specific scenarios.
Methods
ESGE commissioned the update of this Guideline and appointed a guideline leader (C.H.), who invited the listed authors to participate in the project development. The key questions were prepared by the coordinating team (E.Q., J.M.D., J.R.) using PICO methodology (population, intervention, comparison/control, outcome) [19 ] and were then approved by the other members. The coordinating team formed task force subgroups, based on the statements of the 2013 guideline, each with its own leader, and divided the key topics among these task forces (Appendix 2s ) with a specific focus on the update of literature and revision of the statements.
Recent ESGE Guidelines have addressed endoscopic surveillance after endoscopic or surgical resection of invasive carcinoma/malignant polyp [20 ] and of patients with hereditary syndromes or with polyposis syndromes [21 ]
[22 ], and these topics are not addressed in the present Guideline.
The work included telephone conferences, a face to face meeting and online discussions.
The task forces conducted a literature search using Medline (via Pubmed) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to October 2019. New evidence on each key question was summarized in tables using the GRADE system [3 ] (Appendix 3s ). Grading depends on the balance between the benefits and risk or burden of any health intervention [23 ]
. Further details on guideline development have been reported elsewhere [2 ].
The results of the search were presented to all the members of the task forces during a meeting in Barcelona on October 19th, 2019. After this meeting drafts were made by the leaders of each task force and distributed between the task force members for revision and online discussion. Statements were created by consensus.
In December 2019, a draft prepared by C.H., G.A. and the leaders of all the task forces was sent to all group members. After agreement of all members, the manuscript was reviewed by two external reviewers and was sent for further comments to the ESGE national societies and individual members. After this, the manuscript was submitted to the journal Endoscopy for publication. The final revised manuscript was agreed upon by all the authors.
This Guideline was issued in 2020 and will be considered for update in 2025. Any interim updates will be noted on the ESGE website: http://www.esge.com/esge-guidelines.html .
Evidence and Statements
For this update, we decided to use the term “polyp” instead of “lesion” or “neoplasia” as the latter two terms can have overly negative connotations for both medical and nonmedical audiences. For similar reasons, we abandoned the terms “high risk” and “low risk” when referring to patients or polyps, replacing them with “need” or “no need” of surveillance.
Quality of the baseline colonoscopy
Quality of the baseline colonoscopy
2020 statement
The following recommendations for post-polypectomy colonoscopic surveillance apply to all patients who had one or more polyps that were completely removed during a high quality baseline colonoscopy.
Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.
2013 statement
The following recommendations for post-polypectomy endoscopic surveillance should only be applied after a high quality baseline colonoscopy with complete removal of all detected neoplastic lesions.
Since 2013, new evidence has strengthened the idea that overutilization of endoscopic surveillance cannot compensate for an initially suboptimal colonoscopy. In a cohort of 11 944 patients with a mean follow-up of nearly 8 years, a suboptimal examination has been shown to confer a higher risk of CRC incidence and mortality after polypectomy (incomplete colonoscopy, hazard ratio [HR] 1.8, 95 % confidence interval [95 %CI] 1.34 – 2.41; poor bowel preparation, HR 2.09, 95 %CI 1.19 – 3.67), irrespective of the baseline risk and the performance of surveillance intervention [4 ].
Specific ESGE and World Endoscopy Organization (WEO) guidelines have already addressed the general principles of quality of colonoscopy, endoscopic resection, and bowel cleansing [24 ]
[25 ]
[26 ].
In the case of doubt about the completeness of endoscopic resection, such as positive or indefinite resection margins at pathology, an early repeat colonoscopy is recommended [24 ]
[27 ] (see also Piecemeal resection ). This is especially relevant when it is borne in mind that large polyp size, namely ≥ 20 mm, has been strictly associated with increased long-term post-polypectomy CRC incidence/mortality risk (see below) [4 ]
[8 ]. Regarding the completeness of mucosal evaluation, an increased risk of metachronous advanced neoplasia has been reported in patients with ≥ 5 adenomas with one ≥ 10 mm [28 ]
. However, cohort studies based on the risk of CRC, rather than that of metachronous advanced neoplasia, have in general downgraded the role of both multiplicity and polyp size < 20 mm [7 ]
[8 ]
[29 ]. Thus, it seems reasonable to recommend an early repeat colonoscopy only in those few cases where the number or complexity of multiple endoscopic resections have affected, according to endoscopist judgment, the quality of the baseline colonoscopy.
Inadequate bowel preparation
Strong recommendations for a 1-year repeat colonoscopy in the case of inadequate bowel preparation were issued by ESGE [24 ] recently and by other associations [30 ], strengthened by new evidence showing how a suboptimal baseline exam independently increases CRC incidence and mortality [4 ]. Of note, this recommendation is not followed in 90 % of cases according to a colonoscopy registry of 9170 average risk patients with normal findings at screening colonoscopy [31 ].
The adenoma miss rate, but not the advanced adenoma miss rate, is independently associated with bowel preparation quality [32 ] and therefore standard guideline recommendations for surveillance intervals apply only to patients with adequate bowel preparation. There is no agreement on the definition of adequate bowel preparation [25 ]. ESGE defines adequate bowel preparation as: Boston Bowel Preparation Scale ≥ 6, Ottawa Scale ≤ 7, or Aronchick Scale excellent, good, or fair [26 ], while some authors have proposed that bowel preparation should be considered inadequate if the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale score is 0 or 1 in any colon segment [33 ]. One of these two definitions should be adopted by endoscopists as a necessary step to improve adherence to guideline recommendations.
Polyp size evaluation
2020 statement
When planning post-polypectomy surveillance, ESGE suggests to use a standardized measurement of polyp size evaluated at either endoscopy or pathology.
Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.
2013 statement
No statement.
This is a new statement as compared with the 2013 Guideline. Surveillance interval recommendations depend strongly on polyp size, but measurement bias is present with evaluation both at endoscopy [34 ] and pathology [35 ]. It is known that at endoscopy size estimation is usually biased towards specific numbers (i. e., 5 or 10) while neglecting the others [34 ]
[35 ]
[36 ], and interobserver variability in visual polyp sizing can be present [37 ]
[38 ], resulting in routine underestimation or overestimation of polyp size [39 ]
[40 ]. However, such bias can be reduced by using a reference standard, such as an open biopsy forceps or snare [41 ]
[42 ]
[43 ].
Endoscopic assessment of size is also useful in the case of piecemeal resection, as well as in cold-snaring, as the specimen sent for histology is much larger than the actual neoplastic component [27 ]. Size estimation at pathology also represents a feasible standard for en bloc resections, and it may be used for that purpose [35 ]
. Technological improvements that permit real-time precise measurements during endoscopy should be expected in the near future [41 ]
[43 ].
Appropriate scheduling of colonoscopy surveillance
Appropriate scheduling of colonoscopy surveillance
2020 statement
ESGE recommends provision of a written recommendation for the timing of post-polypectomy surveillance colonoscopy, considering all endoscopic, histological, and patient-related factors.
Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.
This may be further reinforced by enhanced instructions.
Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.
2013 statement
ESGE recommends that the endoscopist is responsible for providing a written recommendation for the post-polypectomy surveillance schedule (strong recommendation, low quality evidence), and that this should be audited (weak recommendation, low quality evidence).
New evidence since 2013 shows the persistence of a high level of inappropriate post-polypectomy surveillance with a negative impact on colonoscopy efficiency. A systematic review published in 2019 and including 16 studies [44 ], showed correct adherence to current recommendations in only 48.8 % (95 %CI 37.3 % – 60.4 %) of cases. The surveillance interval was longer or shorter than currently recommended in 42.6 % (95 %CI 32.9 % – 52.7 %) and 7.9 % (95 %CI 0 % – 26.4 %) of cases, respectively. These data are similar to data reported in 2013, when inappropriate surveillance accounted for 40 % to 69 % of the total.
The correct indication and timing for post-polypectomy surveillance is crucial as surveillance colonoscopies account for up to 40 % of all colonoscopies performed [45 ]; consequently, the capacity of colonoscopy services is severely overburdened by the high demand associated with the implementation of CRC screening programs. It is estimated that one-third of all the surveillance-related endoscopic workload in an organized CRC screening program is wasted because of inappropriate surveillance examinations [46 ].
The appropriate surveillance interval depends on a combination of polyp characteristics (histology, number, and size), quality of colonoscopy, and clinical factors (patient age and co-morbidities). In one study, specialists in gastroenterology/endoscopy appeared more likely to recommend appropriate surveillance intervals compared to other specialists [47 ]
. Furthermore, a recent study has shown that endoscopists with an adenoma detection rate (ADR) > 20 % are more likely to recommend correct surveillance [48 ].
For these reasons, the endoscopy unit should advise the patient on the appropriate surveillance interval with both written and oral instructions. Since histology reports become available only after the polypectomy, we recommend that the endoscopist update and/or finalize the colonoscopy report after receiving the histology report. The updated colonoscopy report should include a written recommendation on the appropriate surveillance interval, considering all endoscopic, histological, and patient-related factors. Any deviation from standard recommendations should be adequately explained in the report. Adherence to published surveillance guidelines should be monitored as part of a quality assurance program [26 ]
[49 ]
[50 ].
A 2015 cross-sectional study [51 ] has shown that higher perceived benefits and cancer worry are the major drivers for patients to seek surveillance colonoscopy after adenoma removal. Underuse of surveillance in groups at increased risk needs to be addressed as it may result in post-colonoscopy CRC. This is especially true for those with a clinically relevant risk of incomplete endoscopic resection. In this update, we suggest the use of enhanced instructions – which should be especially feasible in the setting of organized CRC screening programs – such as telephone calls and frequent email/postal reminders. These have been shown to improve adherence to surveillance colonoscopy, along with educational programs and facilitation of transportation [51 ]
[52 ]
[53 ].
Patients not requiring surveillance after polypectomy
Patients not requiring surveillance after polypectomy
2020 statement
ESGE recommends that patients with complete removal of 1 – 4 < 10 mm adenomas with low grade dysplasia, irrespective of villous components, or any serrated polyp < 10 mm without dysplasia, do not require endoscopic surveillance and should be returned to screening
Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.
If organized screening is not available, repetition of colonoscopy 10 years after the index examination is recommended.
Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.
2013 statement
In the low risk group (patients with 1 – 2 tubular adenomas < 10 mm with low grade dysplasia), the ESGE recommends participation in existing national screening programmes 10 years after the index colonoscopy. If no screening programme is available, repetition of colonoscopy 10 years after the index colonoscopy is recommended (strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence).
Conventional adenomas in patients not requiring surveillance
Many studies from 2013 onwards [5 ]
[7 ]
[8 ]
[9 ]
[54 ]
[55 ]
[56 ]
[57 ]
[58 ]
[59 ]
[60 ]
[61 ]
[62 ] have confirmed and strengthened the indication of “no surveillance/ return to screening” for patients with nonadvanced adenoma, showing how this group of patients have a long-term risk of CRC incidence and mortality lower than, or similar to, that of patients without any adenoma at baseline or that of the general population. For example, one study including 64 422 patients with 14 years of mean follow-up [5 ] showed that patients with nonadvanced adenoma at baseline have a 10-year cumulative CRC incidence and mortality of 0.44 % (95 %CI 0.31 % – 0.62 %) and 0.03 % (95 %CI 0.01 % – 0.11 %), respectively, similarly to patients without adenoma at baseline. In patients with nonadvanced adenoma, the benefit of surveillance has been excluded by recent studies [4 ]
[8 ]
[55 ] that showed how long-term CRC incidence without surveillance was similar to or even lower than that expected in the general population. Further details are available in Table 4 s .
Number of adenomas
While confirming no surveillance for patients with 1 – 2 < 10 mm adenomas with low grade dysplasia, we decided to expand this to those with 3 or 4 polyps, based on new evidence. For example, three new large studies [4 ]
[7 ]
[8 ] have addressed the role of multiplicity on post-polypectomy CRC risk. A retrospective series [7 ] of 15 935 post-polypectomy patients showed that patients with ≥ 3 nonadvanced adenomas had no increased risk of CRC incidence or mortality compared with those without adenomas (adjusted rate ratio [ARR] for incidence 1.3, 95 %CI 0.9 – 1.9; ARR for mortality 1.2, 95 %CI 0.5 – 2.7) after 13 years of follow-up. A second multicenter, retrospective study [4 ] of 11 944 patients with 7.9 years of median follow-up also showed that the number of nonadvanced adenomas was not independently associated with a higher risk of CRC incidence or mortality, and that these patients remain at lower risk compared to the general population (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] 0.5, 95 %CI 0.3 – 0.8]. Finally, a recent multicenter, screening-based, retrospective series [8 ] of 236 089 patients with 7.7 years of follow-up, confirmed that the number of adenomas or an adenoma size < 20 mm does not result in an increased risk of CRC incidence or mortality, showing that patients with any nonadvanced adenomas < 20 mm are at lower risk compared to the general population (SIR 0.35, 95 %CI 0.28 – 0.44). In addition, when metachronous advanced neoplasia was used as a surrogate end point, 3 – 4 adenomas did not increase the risk of metachronous advanced neoplasia [27 ].
Histological factors
Patients whose polyps show villous histology have been moved into a nonsurveillance group. This is supported by recent evidence showing that villous histology does not independently confer a long-term increased risk of CRC incidence or mortality (HR 1.16, 95 %CI 0.71 – 1.91) [4 ]
[8 ]. A meta-analysis and a pooled analysis had also previously reported that patients with polyps with villous histology [63 ]
[64 ] had a risk of advanced neoplasia similar to that of controls.
It is also worth noting that the presence of villous histology in polyps < 10 mm and without high grade dysplasia is not common [9 ]. Furthermore, it is known that interpretation of villous histology has high interobserver variability among pathologists [65 ].
Serrated polyps in patients not requiring surveillance
Following publication of the 2013 ESGE Guideline, the risk of metachronous advanced neoplasia and CRC following resection of serrated polyps of size < 10 mm without dysplasia has been addressed by several studies [9 ]
[11 ]
[66 ]
[67 ]
[68 ]
[69 ]. Overall, no difference in advanced neoplasia and CRC incidence or mortality was seen after resection of serrated polyps < 10 mm without dysplasia or after resection of conventional adenomas which do not require surveillance. In particular, a recent retrospective study [9 ], including 122 899 patients, demonstrated that patients with serrated polyps < 10 mm had a similar hazard ratio (HR) of metachronous CRC after 10 years of follow-up when compared to patients without adenomas (HR 1.25, 95 %CI 0.76 – 2.08); the corresponding HR for patients with proximal serrated polyp was 1.11 (95 %CI 0.42 – 2.99) and for nonadvanced adenomas it was 1.21 (95 %CI 0.68 – 2.16). Further details are available in Table 5 s . On the other hand, no study assessed the possible benefit of surveillance in this group of patients, further excluding its efficacy at this stage.
Patients requiring surveillance following polypectomy
Patients requiring surveillance following polypectomy
2020 statement
ESGE recommends surveillance colonoscopy after 3 years for patients with complete removal of at least 1 adenoma ≥ 10 mm or with high grade dysplasia, or ≥ 5 adenomas, or any serrated polyp ≥ 10 mm or with dysplasia.
Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.
2013 statement
In the high risk group (patients with adenomas with villous histology or high grade dysplasia or ≥ 10 mm in size, or ≥ 3 adenomas), ESGE recommends surveillance colonoscopy 3 years after the index colonoscopy (strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence). Patients with 10 or more adenomas should be referred for genetic counselling (strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence).
Conventional adenomas in patients requiring surveillance
As compared with the 2013 Guideline, we have confirmed the benefit of endoscopic surveillance in patients with an adenoma ≥ 10 mm or with high grade dysplasia (HGD), while for patients with multiplicity we limited it to those with ≥ 5 adenomas. Many studies published after 2013, have strengthened this recommendation, as summarized in Table 4s .
Regarding patient baseline risk, a recent series [7 ], enrolling 15 935 patients including 2882 advanced adenomas, with 13 years of median follow-up, reported an increased risk of CRC (ARR 3.0, 95 %CI 2.1 – 4.3; P < 0.001) and mortality (ARR 2.6, 95 %CI 1.2 – 5.7; P < 0.001) for those with advanced adenoma compared to those with no adenomas at baseline. A study including patients with adenomas from the Polish National Screening program [8 ] showed that only individuals with adenomas ≥ 20 mm and/or HGD carried an increased risk of CRC incidence and mortality. Patients with a baseline adenoma ≥ 20 mm had a higher risk of incident CRC (age-adjusted HR 9.25, 95 %CI 6.39 – 13.39; P < 0.001) and CRC death (age-adjusted HR 7.45, 95 %CI 3.62 – 15.33; P < 0.001) compared to individuals with no adenomas. HGD alone was also associated with a higher risk of incident CRC (age-adjusted HR 3.58, 95 %CI 1.96 – 6.54; P < 0.001) compared to individuals with no adenomas. As mentioned above, since only one retrospective study [8 ] specifically supported the shifting of the size cutoff from 10 mm to 20 mm, we preferred not to advocate this shift systematically, underlining the importance of future research addressing baseline patient risk and efficacy of surveillance for polyps between 10 and 20 mm. However, in the context of a health system with limited capacity, we suggest considering surveillance only for adenomas ≥ 20 mm in size or with HGD. Of course, patients with high risk conditions, such as those with serrated polyposis syndrome or hereditary syndromes should receive an individualized surveillance schedule.
Regarding the efficacy of the first surveillance colonoscopy, one study [4 ] showed how individuals with baseline high risk polyps significantly benefit from a first surveillance colonoscopy (HR of CRC compared to no surveillance 0.59, 95 %CI 0.36 – 0.98), and this finding was confirmed by another recent study (HR of CRC compared to no surveillance 0.49, 95 %CI 0.29 – 0.82) [70 ].
In line with the previous Guideline, we recommend performance of the first surveillance colonoscopy 3 years after baseline polypectomy. Atkin and colleagues compared the interval between index colonoscopy with polypectomy and the first surveillance colonoscopy, showing how the odds of detecting CRC at 2, 3 or 5 years were not statistically significant when compared to an interval of less than 18 months [4 ]. There is no current evidence addressing the surveillance interval and long-term CRC incidence and mortality. It should be noted that a large ongoing prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) (European Polyp Surveillance [EPoS]; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02319928) is addressing the possibility of extending the surveillance interval for high risk adenomas to 5 years [71 ].
Serrated polyps in patients requiring surveillance
Traditional serrated adenoma, serrated polyp ≥ 10 mm and serrated polyp with dysplasia yield similar metachronous advanced neoplasia or CRC risks compared to conventional adenomas, and thus require surveillance [9 ]
[10 ]
[11 ]
[67 ]
[72 ]
[73 ]. Therefore, ESGE recommends surveillance colonoscopy at 3 years for these categories of polyps. In detail, one population-based randomized study on 12 955 patients screened with flexible sigmoidoscopy [10 ] showed that after resection of a serrated polyp ≥ 10 mm the adjusted HR for metachronous CRC was 4.2 (95 %CI 1.3 – 13.3) compared to the general population. Another recent retrospective study [9 ] evaluating 122 899 patients with 10 years of follow-up showed an increased HR for metachronous CRC (3.35, 95 %CI 1.37 – 8.15) compared to negative colonoscopy. See Table 5s .
There is evidence that advanced adenoma with synchronous serrated polyp of any kind results in higher metachronous advanced neoplasia risk compared to advanced adenoma without synchronous serrated polyp [68 ]
[73 ]. However, such patients would already be classified as in need of surveillance, regardless of the presence of serrated polyps.
Any added value of combining adenomas with serrated polyp count to fulfill multiplicity criteria is therefore not supported by convincing evidence and requires further investigation.
Because of the high interobserver variation in serrated polyp classification [74 ]
[75 ]
[76 ]
[77 ], the risk of inaccurate histologic subclassification of serrated polyp is substantial and undesirable. In addition, a recent study demonstrated that the effect of taking into account serrated polyp subtype in surveillance guidelines is only marginal, and resulted in different surveillance intervals in only 2 % of screened patients compared to a surveillance guideline not taking into account the serrated polyp subtype [78 ]. Therefore, to prevent undertreatment due to misclassification of serrated polyps, we recommend not to consider the serrated polyp subtype when choosing colonoscopy surveillance intervals.
Patients at risk of hereditary syndromes
2020 statement
ESGE recommends that patients with 10 or more adenomas should be referred for genetic counselling.
Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.
2013 statement
Incorporated unchanged into 2020 statement above.
Patients with adenomatous polyposis syndromes, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), MUTYH -associated polyposis (MAP), or rarer syndromes (including NHTL1 -associated polyposis, and PPAP -associated polyposis), have an exceedingly high risk of developing colorectal cancer. The prevalence of pathogenic APC and biallelic MUTYH mutations, respectively, has been reported as 80 % and 2 % among individuals harboring ≥ 1000 adenomas, as 56 % and 7 % among those with 100 to 999 adenomas, as 10 % and 7 % among those with 20 to 99 adenomas, and as 5 % and 4 % among those with 10 to 19 adenomas [79 ]. Furthermore, data from the Cleveland Clinic demonstrate that 4 % of Lynch syndrome patients have a lifetime cumulative number of adenomas of ≥ 10, prompting the consideration of Lynch syndrome in the differential diagnosis [80 ].
Thus, in line with the clinical practice guidelines of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), and ESGE [22 ]
[81 ]
[82 ]
[83 ], we recommend the referral of patients with 10 or more adenomas to specific genetic counselling and assessment for a cancer-predisposing syndrome. Furthermore, patients with ≥ 20 lifetime cumulative adenomas should be tested for APC and MUTYH
[82 ].
Tailored surveillance programs for patients with hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes are outside the scope of this present guideline and are addressed in the recent ESGE Guidelines on that topic [21 ]
[22 ].
Timing of second surveillance colonoscopy
Timing of second surveillance colonoscopy
2020 statement
If no polyps requiring surveillance are detected at the first surveillance colonoscopy, ESGE suggests to perform a second surveillance colonoscopy after 5 years.
Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.
After that, if no polyps requiring surveillance are detected, patients can be returned to screening.
ESGE suggests that if polyps requiring surveillance are detected at first or subsequent surveillance examinations, surveillance colonoscopy may be performed at 3 years
Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.
2013 statement
In the high risk group, if no high risk adenomas are detected at the first surveillance examination, the ESGE suggests a 5-year interval before a second surveillance colonoscopy (weak recommendation, low quality evidence). If high risk adenomas are detected at first or subsequent surveillance examinations, a 3-year repetition of surveillance colonoscopy is recommended (strong recommendation, low quality evidence). The ESGE found insufficient evidence to give recommendations in the case where no high risk adenomas are detected during 2 consecutive surveillance colonoscopies. However, intervals longer than 5 years appear reasonable (very low quality evidence).
Since 2013 new evidence [4 ]
[7 ]
[9 ]
[70 ] has shown that patients with advanced adenoma at baseline remain at long-term higher risk of CRC incidence and mortality, irrespective of surveillance. In one study [70 ], the overall incidence of CRC in the high risk group after 10 years of follow-up was nearly double that of in the general population (SIR 1.91, 95 %CI 1.39 – 2.56). Based on such increased CRC risk, we decided to suggest a second surveillance colonoscopy 5 years after the first. However, we also admit that evidence on the benefit of such a second surveillance colonoscopy on CRC risk is unclear. Two studies [4 ]
[70 ] have shown no additional benefit of a second surveillance colonoscopy, although in the high risk group a trend toward a lower hazard ratio for CRC incidence was present (HR after first visit, 0.59 [95 %CI 0.36 – 0.98], vs. HR after second visit 0.40 [0.21 – 0.77]) [4 ]. Thus, if resources are limited, second surveillance can be avoided, with patients directly returned to screening. On this evidence we also excluded a need for additional surveillance after the second surveillance colonoscopy, unless clinically relevant polyps are detected.
Previous studies with advanced adenoma as surrogate end points have shown that the findings at second surveillance colonoscopy are related to findings from the first surveillance colonoscopy rather than baseline features [84 ]
[85 ]. A recent abstract [86 ] reporting a retrospective cohort study on 17 564 post-polypectomy patients in the UK screening program who underwent two surveillance colonoscopies showed that the second surveillance colonoscopy yielded similar rates of CRC irrespective of the findings at baseline or first colonoscopy.
There was no evidence for a statistically significant association between the risk of advanced adenoma at second surveillance colonoscopy and completeness of the colonoscopy at first surveillance; however, there was a significant association between the risk of CRC at second surveillance colonoscopy and the colonoscopy at first surveillance being reported as incomplete (OR 5.72, 95 %CI 1.27 – 25.87) [4 ]
[14 ].
Two studies examined the interval between first and second surveillance [4 ]
[14 ]
[87 ]. The first study showed an increased risk of advanced neoplasia per year increase (OR 1.11, 95 %CI 1 – 1.24). In multivariable models for advanced neoplasia, using an interval of less than 18 months as the referent standard, a 2-year interval was not statistically significant, but intervals of 3 years (OR 2.02, 95 %CI 1.19 – 3.42), 4 years (OR 2.45, [95 %CI 1.20 – 5.00]), and > 6.5 years (OR 5.95, [95 %CI 2.15 – 16.46]) were significant (an interval of 5 or 6 years was not significant). The second cohort did not show an association between risk for advanced adenoma and interval between first and second surveillance when the interval was ≥ 3 years, compared with < 3 years [87 ]. There was no evidence for the most appropriate interval between first and second surveillance as related to long-term CRC incidence or CRC mortality.
Details on mentioned studies are available in Table 6s .
Piecemeal resection
2020 statement
ESGE recommends a 3 – 6-month early repeat colonoscopy following piecemeal endoscopic resection of polyps ≥ 20 mm.
Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.
A first surveillance colonoscopy 12 months after the repeat colonoscopy is recommended to detect late recurrence.
Strong recommendation, high quality evidence.
ESGE recommends evaluation of the post-piecemeal polypectomy site using advanced imaging techniques to detect neoplastic recurrence.
Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.
ESGE suggests that routine biopsy of the post-polypectomy scar can be abandoned provided that a standardized imaging protocol with virtual chromoendoscopy is used by a sufficiently trained endoscopist.
2013 statement
In the case of piecemeal resection of adenomas larger than 10 mm, endoscopic follow-up within 6 months is recommended before the patient is entered into a surveillance programme (strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence).
Following our 2013 Guideline, several valuable studies have been published that evaluate adenoma recurrence rate following piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) in different subgroups. Details of these studies are available in Table 7s . Overall, a considerable rate (12 % – 24 %) of recurrence/residual adenomatous tissue after a successful endoscopic resection provides the rationale to recommend an early follow-up colonoscopy after piecemeal resection of nonpedunculated polyps, before the patient is entered into a surveillance program. As stated in the first recommendation above, after piecemeal resection and in the case of doubt about the completeness of endoscopic resection, an early repetition of colonoscopy is recommended [24 ]
[27 ]. A meta-analysis has shown that 75 % of recurrences were found at 3 months, increasing to more than 90 % at 6 months [88 ].
In contrast to the 2013 guideline, we have now pushed the threshold for recommending early follow-up colonoscopy to 20 mm lesions. Most of the data with follow-up after piecemeal resection include only lesions 20 mm or larger. The 2013 recommendation was based on a prospective trial evaluating completeness of polypectomy that showed inadequate resection in up to 17 % of lesions ≥ 10 mm [89 ], especially if piecemeal polypectomy had been performed. However, there is no evidence on the possible consequences in terms of cancer incidence or mortality during follow-up of those patients. There are no data focused on recurrence/residual adenomatous tissue after piecemeal resection of 10 – 20 mm nonpedunculated polyps.
Nevertheless, cohort studies based on CRC risk, rather than metachronous advanced neoplasia risk, have in general downgraded the role of both multiplicity and polyp size < 20 mm. Thus, apart from the larger than 20 mm adenomas, it seems reasonable to recommend an early repeat colonoscopy only in those few cases where the number or complexity of multiple endoscopic resections have affected, according to endoscopist judgment, the quality of the index colonoscopy.
Intervals to recurrence, and predictors
Despite the absence of recurrence/residual neoplasia during early follow-up colonoscopy, late recurrence at the resection site has been described in up to 5 % – 9 % of cases. In a meta-analysis of 15 studies that differentiated between early and late recurrences, 12 % of neoplastic recurrences occurred late [88 ]. A large Australian prospective multicenter study [90 ] based on wide-field EMR for laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) larger than 20 mm (mean lesion size 36.4 mm, SD 17 mm) that included 799 successful EMRs (82 % piecemeal, 18 % en bloc) with follow-up, has shown a 16 % (95 %CI 13.6 % – 18.7 %) recurrence/residual adenoma rate at 4 – 6 months. Of note, 17/426 (4 %, 95 %CI 2.4 % – 6.2 %) with no adenoma at first follow-up colonoscopy presented with late recurrence after 16 months. Another analysis from the same cohort of patients, included 1018 adenomas and 190 sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) ≥ 20 mm removed by EMR and with follow-up [91 ]. It showed cumulative recurrence rates for adenomas after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of 16.1 %, 20.4 %, 23.4 %, and 28.4 %, respectively; the corresponding rates for SSLs were significantly lower, being 6.3 % at 6 months and 7.0 % from 12 months onwards (P < 0.001). Recurrences were identified at the first surveillance colonoscopy in 90 % of cases [91 ].
A post hoc analysis of the above cohort, including 1178 patients [92 ] has proven the possibility of predicting recurrence after piecemeal EMR shortly after index examination. In this study the authors proposed and validated the so-called Sydney EMR Recurrence Tool (SERT), consisting of the following factors: size of 40 mm or more (2 points), intraprocedural bleeding (1 point), and HGD (1 point). The endoscopically detected recurrence rate was 19.4 % overall. However, for SERT 0, early recurrence was only 8.7 % at 4 – 6 months and such recurrent neoplastic lesions were very small and easy to remove; in contrast, for SERT scores 2 – 4 the neoplastic recurrence rate was 25.9 %.
A study from Japan [93 ] has shown that a higher number of pieces during piecemeal resection was associated with a shorter interval to recurrence (9 – 10 months when 2 – 3 pieces were retrieved vs. 3.8 – 5 months in the case of more than 4 pieces retrieved).
Therefore, we recommend, especially in those cases at high risk of recurrence (larger lesions, HGD, multiple pieces), a first surveillance colonoscopy 12 months after the early follow-up, even in the absence of recurrence/residual adenomatous tissue.
Reducing recurrence risk after piecemeal polypectomy
Two recent studies [94 ]
[95 ] have evaluated ways of decreasing the risk of early recurrence following piecemeal polypectomy. First, an RCT tested whether thermal ablation of resection margins of LSTs larger than 20 mm might decrease the risk of early recurrence [94 ]. The authors included 390 EMRs, of which a majority (83 %) were piecemeal, and detected that recurrence in the ablation arm was only 5.2 % vs. 21 % in the control arm. For the piecemeal subgroup the values were similar (5.4 % vs. 24.2 %), as well as for the size ≥ 40 mm subgroup (6.1 % vs. 36.4 %). The overall cumulative recurrence rate at surveillance endoscopy at 18 months was also significantly lower (7.4 % vs. 27.1 %).
The second study [95 ], although retrospective in design, reported that underwater piecemeal polypectomy without injection resulted in a significantly lower recurrence rate at 6 months (7.3 % vs. 28.3 %).
While we need further corroboration of these promising results, we recommend the use of any proven technique, e. g. thermal ablation of EMR margins, to prevent recurrence after piecemeal resection.
Roles of advanced endoscopic imaging and biopsy
It has been shown that inspection with white light alone may miss residual neoplastic tissue on an EMR scar and therefore, performance of targeted and random biopsies used to be recommended [96 ]
[97 ]. However, recent studies have shown that evaluation using advanced endoscopic imaging at the first surveillance examination of the post-polypectomy scar following piecemeal EMR is highly accurate [98 ]
[99 ]; this may allow decisions concerning removal of recurrences without the need for biopsies. Accordingly, the updated 2019 ESGE Guideline, on advanced imaging for detection and differentiation of colorectal neoplasia [100 ] recommends the use of virtual or dye-based chromoendoscopy in addition to white-light endoscopy for the detection of residual neoplasia at a piecemeal polypectomy scar site, and suggests that routine biopsy of post-polypectomy scars can be abandoned provided that a standardized imaging protocol with virtual chromoendoscopy is used by a sufficiently trained endoscopist.
Family history
2020 statement
ESGE suggests against shortened surveillance intervals after polypectomy in patients with a family history of CRC
Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.
2013 statement
The ESGE found insufficient evidence to provide recommendations on post-polypectomy surveillance based on other potential risk factors, such as age, or family history of CRC (very low quality evidence).
In line with the 2013 Guideline, and based on updated data, we still do not support different surveillance recommendations for individuals with a family history of CRC. Since 2013, several studies have addressed the relationship between recurrent advanced neoplastic polyps and family history; the majority of these studies are of low quality, but all found no increased risk for advanced neoplasia at surveillance colonoscopies in patients with a CRC family history [67 ]
[101 ]
[102 ]
[103 ]
[104 ]
[105 ]
[106 ]
[107 ]
[108 ]. Moreover, a pooled analysis of prospective studies [109 ], including 8 studies (of which 6 were RCTs) on 7697 patients with adenomas, found no increased risk for advanced colorectal neoplasia in patients with family history (OR 1.15, 95 %CI 0.96 – 1.37). Details of the aforementioned studies are available in Table 8s .
More well-designed studies are needed, randomized and stratified by family risk and baseline adenoma characteristics.
Stopping post-polypectomy surveillance
Stopping post-polypectomy surveillance
2020 statement
ESGE suggests stopping post-polypectomy endoscopic surveillance at the age of 80 years, or earlier if life expectancy is thought to be limited by co-morbidities.
Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.
2013 statement
[I]t seems reasonable to stop endoscopic surveillance at 80 years, or earlier depending on life expectancy (in the case of co-morbidities).
CRC screening is generally recommended until 74 years of age because of its limited efficacy after this age due to competing causes of death [110 ]. Taking into consideration the 3-year interval for first surveillance, a patient would still undergo the first surveillance colonoscopy before the limit of 80 years. Bearing in mind the uncertainty regarding the efficacy of additional surveillance procedures, as well as the actual benefit of CRC prevention in general on overall life expectancy, this cutoff for halting surveillance appears appropriate. In addition, such a recommendation would also prevent possible adverse events related to colonoscopy that have been shown to sharply increase in older patients or in patients with co-morbidities [13 ].
Fecal immunochemical testing (FIT)
Fecal immunochemical testing (FIT)
2020 statement
ESGE did not find enough evidence on the use of fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) for post-polypectomy surveillance. In the case of an unplanned positive FIT, ESGE suggests to consider repeat colonoscopy based on clinical judgment.
Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.
Overall, we reaffirm our previous 2013 recommendation. A recent study [111 ] detailing 5946 post-polypectomy “intermediate-risk” patients (3 – 4 adenomas < 10 mm, or 1 – 2 adenomas with one ≥ 10 mm) aimed to assess the efficacy of three annual rounds of FIT versus colonoscopy surveillance at 3 years for detection of CRC and advanced adenoma. This study demonstrated that in these intermediate risk patients, annual FIT with low threshold levels for fecal hemoglobin (Hb) (10 μg/g) had a high sensitivity for the detection of CRC (three cumulative tests: sensitivity 91.7 % [95 %CI 73.0 – 99.0], specificity 69.8 % [95 %CI 68.5 – 71.1]). Higher cutoffs for fecal Hb showed high miss rates for CRC and advanced adenomas. Furthermore, the study showed how three annual FITs are cost-effective compared to colonoscopy surveillance at 3 years. Further clinical implementation studies should confirm these results and define the most efficient fecal Hb thresholds before routine recommendations for clinical practice can be issued.
In patients with an unplanned, positive FIT test, we reaffirm our 2013 statement suggesting repeat colonoscopy based on clinical judgment. A recent study [112 ] that compared patients with positive versus negative FIT after a recent colonoscopy (< 3 years), found higher rates of CRC and advanced adenoma among patients with positive FIT (CRC rate: FIT-positive 2.1 % vs. FIT-negative 0.7 %) (Table 9s ). However, in this study, the characteristics of the prior recent colonoscopy were unknown, and these results must be confirmed by further research.
Symptomatic patients
2020 statement
ESGE suggests that individuals with symptoms in the surveillance interval should be managed as clinically indicated.
Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.
2013 statement
The ESGE suggests that individuals with symptoms in the surveillance interval should be managed as clinically indicated (weak recommendation, low quality evidence).
We found insufficient evidence to modify the 2013 Guideline statement.
Irrespective of post-polypectomy surveillance, two models have been designed to help identify symptomatic patients for whom prioritization of colonoscopy is warranted [113 ]
[114 ]. The first model found that age was the dominant risk factor in detecting patients with CRC (ORs, vs. the reference < 50 years, for ages 50 – 59 and ≥ 70, were 6.84 [95 %CI 3.33 – 14.06] and 23.54 [95 %CI 11.43 – 48.45], respectively) [113 ]. The four symptoms associated with CRC were bleeding, mucus, anemia, and fatigue. The most recent model included FIT, which has increasingly been recommended for prioritizing symptomatic patients for colonoscopy [115 ]. This model was able to predict advanced colorectal neoplasia with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.87 in a prospective study (1495 patients) [114 ].
Disclaimer
ESGE Guidelines represent a consensus of best practice based on the available evidence at the time of preparation. They may not apply to all situations and should be interpreted in the setting of specific clinical situations and resource availability. They are intended to be an educational tool to provide information that may support endoscopists in providing care to patients. They are not rules and should not be utilized to establish a legal standard of care.
