Introduction
Zenkerʼs diverticulum (ZD) concerns the esophagus cervical region and corresponds
to herniation of the mucosa and submucosa through the Killian Triangle, a zone of
weakness in the posterior wall of the pharynx that is limited inferiorly by the cricopharyngeus
muscle and laterally by the thyropharyngeus (or inferior pharyngeal constrictor) muscle
[1]. Incidence of ZD is 2 per 100,000 people per year [2] The main symptoms include dysphagia, odynophagia, and regurgitation of undigested
food, and may include sensations of choking, chronic coughing, and episodes of aspiration
(with associated risks of pulmonary infection).
Initial treatment of ZD involves open surgery, with a combination of cricopharyngeal
myotomy and suspension or resection of the diverticular pouch. However, the complication
rates of this treatment approach, including postoperative mortality, have led to a
preference for endoscopic treatment [3]. A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that endoscopic treatment of ZD, when compared
with open surgical treatment, results in shorter procedure times and hospital stays
and fewer complications. However, we observed approximately three times more recurrence
after endoscopic treatment vs. surgery [4]. In the early 2000 s, flexible endoscopic treatment of ZD using a soft overtube
called a diverticuloscope and performed by gastroenterologists was introduced [5]
[6], and it has gained momentum ever since [7]. This approach, described as a myotomy of the cricopharyngeus muscle, is safer for
the lower portion of the diverticular septum, because it is less likely to cause perforation
and the positioning of the diverticuloscope prevents complete cutting of the diverticular
septum. Although it is safe and easy to perform, this treatment has been associated
with high rates of recurrences, reaching 54 % at 4 years [8]. Factors associated with ZD recurrence are large size (> 50 mm) of the diverticulum
and a short (< 25 mm) myotomy, and the existence of a residual diverticula after the
myotomy [8]. Recently, improved mastery of endoscopic submucosal dissection techniques, costs
of the diverticuloscope, and technical concerns about placement of the diverticuloscope
in certain small diverticula or in patients with kyphosis or cervical osteoarthritis
have led certain teams to abandon the diverticuloscope [9]. As an alternative, there is now consideration for complete septotomy of the diverticular
wall. We sought to evaluate the feasibility and safety of endoscopic treatment with
complete septotomy of ZD.
Patients and methods
This was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database at a referral
center for therapeutic digestive endoscopy. We included consecutive patients treated
with a flexible endoscope, no diverticuloscope, and complete septotomy of the diverticular
wall. Demographic data, medical history and specifically prior treatments for ZD,
anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication, clinical symptoms, and general health status
were recorded. Symptoms were graded using the Augsburg symptom score dedicated to
the ZD [10] and comorbid conditions with the Charlson Index [11]. Malnutrition was defined by a body mass index < 18.5 Kg/m² [12]. Complications and their severity were recorded and graded as recommended by the
American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) [13].
The procedure was performed by gastroenterologists (n = 3) with expertise in therapeutic
endoscopy who had performed more than 20 ZD diverticulotomies. It was done with the
patient under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation and in left lateral or
supine position. A standard gastroscope (GIF- HQ 190, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan or EG-600
WR, Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a distal attachment cap (D-201, Olympus,
Tokyo, Japan) and an endoscopic submucosal dissection knife (TT knife or Dual Knife
J, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) was used. The procedure was carried out under CO2 insufflation
and an antibiotic prophylaxis was administered with 2 g IV amoxicillin-clavulanate.
Three experienced endoscopists completed endoscopic incision of the diverticular septum,
through the mucosa, submucosa cricopharyngeus muscle, and connective tissue. The technique,
illustrated in [Fig. 1] and [Fig. 2], consisted of exposure of the diverticular septum with the cap, sectioning the diverticular
septum in endocut or spray coagulation mode until the diverticulum was completely
obliterated, and visualizing the esophageal muscularis propria at the anal side of
the incision and the bottom of the diverticulum at the oral side of the incision.
A complete septotomy was obtained in the absence of residual diverticulum septum,
allowing complete marsupialization of the diverticulum and easy passage of the endoscope
in the esophagus ([Video 1]). Then, from none to four hemoclips were placed, according to the operator’s judgment,
to join the mucosa of the bottom of the diverticulum with the muscularis propria of
the esophagus. After the procedure, patients received systematic antibiotic treatment
with amoxicillin-clavulanate for 3 days. All patients were kept nil per os until a
systematic follow-up radiological imaging with oral contrast intake on the first post-procedure
day to rule out an esophageal fistula and assess for presence of a residual diverticulum.
In the absence of contrast leakage, patients resumed oral soft food and were discharged
the second postoperative day. A follow-up visit with a new esophagogram was scheduled
at 3 months. Afterwards, clinical results were collected by telephone.
Fig. 1 a, e Exposure of the diverticular septum. Diverticulum is in the 6 oʼclock and e 9 oʼclock positions. a Note the stenosed esophageal lumen in the 12 oʼclock position and e the 3 oʼclock position. b, f Incision of the mucosa of the diverticular septum. f Visualization of the mucosa, submucosa, and cricopharyngeus muscle fibers. c, d, g, h Complete section of the diverticular septum beyond the cricopharyngeus muscle fibers
before the bottom of the diverticulum is reached (blue arrows) and incision of the
esophageal muscularis propria (white arrows). d Note the complete regression of the diverticulum and wide esophageal lumen opening.
Fig. 2 a Illustration of anatomical landmarks of Zenker’s diverticulum, b conventional myotomy of the cricopharyngeus muscle, c and complete septotomy.
Video 1 Endoscopic view after complete endoscopic septotomy for Zenker’s diverticulum. Note
the easy passage in the esophageal lumen, absence of residual diverticulum with incision
of the bottom of the diverticular mucosa, opening of the esophageal muscularis propria,
and peridiverticular fat in between.
Results
From February 2018 to August 2019, 19 patients (10 men, 9 women, mean ± SD age 79 ± 12
years) underwent flexible endoscopic treatment for ZD with complete septotomy in our
hospital. No technical failure was encountered. Cardiovascular comorbid conditions,
such as coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and hypertension, were
reported in 16 patients, and pulmonary insufficiency in four. Detailed patient characteristics
are presented in [Table 1].
Table 1
Patient characteristics (n = 19).
|
Age-mean ± SD
|
79 ± 12
|
|
Male/female – n
|
10/9
|
|
Major comorbid conditions – n (%)
|
|
|
16 (84)
|
|
|
4 (21)
|
|
|
6 (31)
|
|
Charlson Cormorbidity Index – median (range)
|
4 (1–7)
|
|
Anticoagulation – n (%)
|
4 (21)
|
|
Antiaggregation – (%)
|
6 (31)
|
|
Cervical History – n (%)
|
7 (36)
|
|
Cervical surgery[2]
|
7 (36)
|
|
Radiotherapy
|
0 (0)
|
|
Other
|
0 (0)
|
|
ZD treatment history – n (%)
|
6 (31)
|
|
Flexible endoscope and diverticuloscope
|
4 (21)
|
|
Flexible endoscope without diverticuloscope
|
2 (10)
|
|
Surgery
|
1 (5)
|
|
Duration of evolution of symptoms in year – mean ± SD
|
2.5 ± 1.6
|
|
Symptoms – n (%)
|
|
|
16 (84)
|
|
|
14 (73)
|
|
Augsburg’s Score – median (range)
|
6.5 (4–10)
|
|
Complications – n (%)
|
6 (31)
|
|
Malnutrition
|
4 (21)
|
|
Aspiration pneumonia
|
2 (10)
|
SD, standard deviation; ZD, Zenker’s diverticulum
1 Hypothyroidism (n = 3), Horton’s disease (n = 1), esophageal stenosis (n = 1) and
uterine cancer (n = 1)
2 Thyroidectomy (n = 5), excision of a parathyroid adenoma (n = 1) and cervicotomy
for Zenker’s diverticulum (n = 1)
Seven patients had a history of cervical surgery such as thyroidectomy (n = 5), excision
of a parathyroid adenoma (n = 1) or cervicotomy for ZD (n = 1). Six patients had previously
been treated for ZD with surgery or flexible endoscopy. Sixteen patients reported
moderate to severe dysphagia and 14 pharyngo-oral regurgitation with a median (range)
Augsburgʼs score of 6.5 (range 4–10). The mean±SD duration of symptom evolution was
2.5 ± 1.6 years. Six patients (31 %) had complications from the ZD, such as malnutrition
(n = 4) or aspiration pneumonia (n = 2).
The median (range) size of diverticulum was 2.5 cm (range 1–5). The technical success
rate was 100 %. However, complications occurred in 10 % of patients (one aspiration
pneumonia and one atrial fibrillation complicating a dehydration requiring one-night
intensive care admission), one of which (5 %) was severe according to the ASGE grading
system. The median (range) hospital stay was 2 days (1–3). Procedural characteristics
are detailed in [Table 2].
Table 2
Procedural characteristics.
|
Diverticulum size in cm – median (range)
|
|
|
2.5 (1–4)
|
|
|
2.5 (1–5)
|
|
Technical success – n (%)
|
19 (100)
|
|
ESD knife – n (%)
|
|
|
2 (10)
|
|
|
17 (89)
|
|
Number of clips – median ( range)
|
2 (0–4)
|
|
Complications – n (%)[1]
|
2 (10)
|
|
Hospital stay in days – median (range)
|
2 (1–4)
|
ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; TT, triangle tip
1 1 aspiration pneumonia and 1 transition to atrial fibrillation complicating dehydration
All 19 patients had radiological imaging with water-soluble oral contrast on day 1. For
logistic reasons, an esophagogram was performed in 11 patients and a computed tomography
scan in the remaining eight. The diverticulum was completely cleared in 12 patients
(63 %). On the eight scans performed, there was evidence of asymptomatic periesophageal
leakage of CO2 in two cases, without any oral contrast leakage or clinical consequence.
The clinical success rate at 6 months was 100 %, with a median symptom score of 0
(range 0–4). However, two patients were lost to follow-up, one patient reported a
partial clinical and radiological recurrence at 6 months, and another at 10 months.
Six of the 7 patients (85 %) with a residual diverticulum on Day 1 esophagogram had
complete clinical remission at 6 months. After a medium follow-up of 9 ± 5 months,
the clinical success rate was 84 % in intention to treat and 94 % in per protocol.
No patient required further endoscopic or surgical treatment to date. Patient outcomes
are detailed in [Table 3].
Table 3
Patient outcomes.
|
Intention to treat (n = 19)
|
Per protocol (n = 17)
|
|
Residual diverticulum – n (%)
|
7 (37)
|
7 (47)
|
|
Clinical success at 6 months – n (%)
|
17 (89)
|
17 (100)
|
|
|
9 (47)
|
9 (53)
|
|
|
8 (42)
|
8 (47)
|
|
Augsburg’s score at 6 months – median (range)
|
0 (0–4)
|
0 (0–4)
|
|
Recurrence of the diverticulum at 6 months – n (%)
|
1 (5)
|
1 (6)
|
|
Clinical success at last follow-up – n (%)
|
16 (84)
|
16 (94)
|
Discussion
In this study, we showed the feasibility, safety and efficacy of a complete septotomy
for flexible endoscopic treatment of ZD. We achieved 100 % short-term symptom relief,
and 94 % symptoms relief at the latest follow-up visit, without any local complications.
These numbers are comparable to other studies of flexible endoscopic treatment of
ZD [7]. However, given the elderly and frail population included in our study, with 20 %
malnourished patients and 84 % with severe cardiovascular comorbid conditions, we
observed 10 % medical complications of the anesthesia, of which 5 % were severe.
In a retrospective analysis of 76 patients treated surgically or endoscopically for
ZD, Shah et al. showed endoscopic stapler-assisted diverticulotomy to be associated
with a longer residual diverticular wall and with higher risk of recurrent disease
[14]. Similarly, Costamagna et al., in a study of 89 patients, correlated risk of recurrent
disease with a < 25 mm length of septotomy [8]. However, even this extremely experienced team has not changed their ZD endoscopic
treatment technique, and they continue to perform septotomy limited to the mucosa
and muscle fibers, without taking into account residual diverticular septum [8], probably to avoid perforation of the posterior wall of the pharynx.
The question of recurrence has been tackled with several approaches. Some teams chose
to resect instead of cutting the cricopharyngeus muscle [10]
[15] to prevent muscle reparation, but we chose to increase the length of the septal
incision. This approach also leads to a wide opening of the cricopharyngeus, and to
exposure of fatty and connective tissue to saliva and food, because the size of the
mucosal defect often does not allow for clip closure. Of note, while endoscopic ZD
treatments were initially performed with needle knives, we used endoscopic submucosal
dissection knives, as they have been shown to be safe, precise and effective for this
indication [16]. Using the peroral endoscopic myotomy technique, Li et al recently performed a complete
septotomy through a submucosal tunnel, with the idea of protecting the site of the
septotomy with healthy mucosa [17]
[18]. Our data suggest that this cumbersome procedure is probably unnecessary, since
no local infection of oral contrast leakage is evidenced after complete septotomy.
Unexpectedly, despite endoscopic complete obliteration of the diverticulum immediately
after the septotomy and under insufflation, we observed a residual diverticulum on
Day 1 esophagogram in almost one of three patients. This could be explained by the
persistence of the posterior diverticular wall, rather than by a residual septum.
Presence of a residual diverticulum on Day 1 esophagogram does not seem to be predictive
of early symptom recurrence. Indeed, we observed a complete clinical success at 6
months in almost 85 % of patients with a residual diverticulum on Day 1 esophagogram.
However, despite septotomy, two patients developed actual endoscopic, radiologic and
clinical recurrence of ZD, one at 3 months, and the other at 10 months. This suggests
that an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of ZD and the molecular changes
occurring in the cricopharyngeus muscle is needed to diminish the recurrence rates.
The main limitations of our study are the small number of patients included and short-term
follow-up data that do not allow us to draw conclusions on the long-term efficacy
of complete septotomy. Furthermore, in less than a year, we have already lost two
patients to follow-up. Their age or the distance between their homes and the endoscopy
center where they are treated may explain the absence of follow-up visits or even
follow-up telephone calls in some cases. Of note, almost one-third of the patients
in our study had a previously treated ZD. ZD recurs in almost half of patients treated
endoscopically, so these numbers reflect daily practice in management of this patient
population. Although this brings heterogeneity to the study population, it could be
argued that the possibility of achieving technical and clinical success in patients
with treatment failure or recurrences is mandatory for any innovative ZD treatment.
Conclusion
Complete endoscopic septotomy of ZD is technically feasible without increased morbidity,
as compared to conventional cricopharyngeal myotomy. Complete clearing of the diverticulum
observed in 63 % of cases could be associated with improved long-term symptom relief.
