Introduction
Indeterminate biliary and pancreatic duct strictures remain a diagnostic challenge.
Current diagnostic modalities including cytology brushing and confocal endomicroscopy
are specific but inadequately sensitive [1]. Cholangioscopy provides additional benefit through direct visualization of pancreaticobiliary
mucosa and targeted biopsies but is limited by the ability to visualize only the surface
epithelium [2]. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technology that uses infrared light to
obtain high-resolution, cross-sectional tomographic imaging of tissue microstructure
below the surface that can be interpreted in-vivo. Early versions of this technology
showed successful delineation of mucosal layers and tissue microstructures; however,
widespread adaptation was limited by shallow penetration depths and suboptimal resolution
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]. A newer version of this technology, NVision Volumetric Laser Endomicroscopy (VLE)
(Ninepoint; Bedford, MA), allows for a wider and deeper field of vision and higher
quality images. Small initial studies show feasibility and safety of this new technology
and encouraging specificity of standardizable characteristics predictive of malignant
and benign disease [12]
[13]
[14] aim of this study is to identify and evaluate characteristics on NVision VLE OCT
that are predictive of benign and malignant pancreaticobiliary strictures.
Patients and methods
Consecutive patients from six tertiary centers who underwent OCT analysis of the pancreatic
or biliary duct using NVision VLE technology between September 2016 and September
2017 were captured in a dedicated registry as part of a prospective observational
study. Patient demographics, procedural information, post-procedure follow-up data,
and adverse events were collected. Technical success was defined as successful completion
of OCT evaluation performed at the time of ERCP.
Technology
OCT imaging was obtained using the NVision Volumetric Laser Endomicroscopy (VLE) Imaging
System (NinePoint). This technology uses low-intensity infrared light at a wavelength
ranging from 750 to 1300 to obtain high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of tissue
microstructure. [15]. The infrared light is directed into the tissue and to a reference mirror, and the
light is scattered or reflected depending on tissue characteristics. Reflected photons
are received by the detector and the depth is determined using interferometry [4]. Images are constructed by performing multiple axial measurements of backscattered
light at different transverse positions with an axial and lateral resolution of 7
microns and 40 microns, respectively, and a depth of penetration of 3 mm. The system
uses a dedicated probe that is 7 French in diameter and can be advanced through the
working channel of a standard duodenoscope. The probe is advanced to the area of interest
and a 90 second scan encompassing a length of 6 cm is performed. Images are created
in real time for in-vivo interpretation.
Procedural technique
The NVision VLE catheter with a dedicated probe was advanced through the working channel
of the duodenoscope into the bile duct or pancreatic duct adjacent to the wire to
the area of interest under fluoroscopic visualization. Removal of the wire prior to
scanning was done at the discretion of the individual endoscopist. Once positioned,
the 90-second scan was performed, and the images were captured and interpreted in-vivo.
In necessary cases, sequential scans were performed to capture the entire area of
interest. The catheter was then removed. If prior stents had been placed, they were
removed prior to catheter insertion. At the discretion of the endoscopist, cholangioscopy
with biopsies and/or brushing for cytology was performed after OCT. A biliary or pancreatic
stent was then placed for decompression as needed.
Image interpretation
OCT images were analyzed in vivo by each endoscopist and the findings were collected
in a centralized database. Based on data from older-generation OCT studies as well
as on recurring characteristics described by individual operators, nine specific characteristics
were identified: dilated hypo-reflective structures, onion-skin layering, intact layering,
layering effacement, scalloping, thickened epithelium, hyper-glandular mucosa, prominent
blood vessels, and a hyper-reflective surface. Each of these characteristics were
analyzed to be predictive of malignancy or benign disease. Final diagnosis was based
on endoscopic histology and/or endoscopic or surgical pathology.
Statistical analysis
Logistic regression analysis was conducted for malignancy diagnosis predictors.
The stepwise multivariate analysis was conducted using model selection; using one
level for features, and only predictors with P < 0.10 were included in the model. All descriptive and statistical analyses were
conducted using MedCalc V18.9 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium).
Results
Eight-six patients were included (49 % male, mean age 64.7) ([Table 1]). The indication for ERCP was indeterminate biliary stricture (n = 38, 44 %), obstructive
jaundice (n = 12, 14 %), abnormal imaging (n = 12, 14 %), abnormal liver tests (n = 12,
14 %), recurrent pancreatitis (n = 6, 7 %), indeterminate pancreatic duct stricture
(n = 3, 3 %), pancreatic duct stone (n = 1), abnormal EUS (n = 1), ampullary adenoma
(n = 1). 44 patients (51 %) had a stent placed prior to OCT.
Table 1
Patient and procedure characteristics.
|
n = 86
|
|
Age (mean)
|
64.7 (STD 15.8)
|
|
Gende – male
|
42 (49 %)
|
|
Indication for ERCP
|
|
|
38
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
3
|
|
Prior stent placement (yes)
|
44 (51 %)
|
|
OCT location
|
|
|
79
|
|
|
7
|
|
OCT findings
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
8
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
20
|
|
|
42
|
|
|
13
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
20
|
|
Final diagnosis
|
|
|
57 (66 %)
|
|
|
28 (33 %)
|
|
|
1
|
|
Adverse events[1]
|
1/86 (1 %)
|
|
Mean follow-up (months)
|
4.65
|
ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; OCT, optical coherence tomography
1 minor procedural bleeding treated with stent placement
Procedural data
Technical success was achieved in all 86 patients (100 %). OCT was performed in the
bile duct in 79 patients and the pancreatic duct in seven patients. Image quality
was adequate for interpretation in all cases. Cholangioscopy or pancreatoscopy was
concurrently performed in 47 (55 %) patients; confocal endomicroscopy was concurrently
performed in two patients (2 %). Final diagnosis was malignant in 28 patients (33 %)
and benign in 57 patients (66 %). Diagnosis was based on histology in 46 patients
and pathology in 40 patients. One patient had minor bleeding during the RCP treated
with biliary stent placement; no other adverse events were noted. Mean follow-up time
was 4.7 months.
Image analysis
As described above, nine characteristics were analyzed ([Fig. 1]): dilated hypo-reflective structures (n = 7), onion-skin layering (n = 8), intact
layering (n = 17), layering effacement (n = 25), scalloping (n = 20), thickened epithelium
(n = 42), hyper-glandular mucosa (n = 13), prominent blood vessels (n = 6), and a
hyper-reflective surface (n = 20). After adjusting for all criteria, multivariate
analysis using model selection (using one level for features, only predictors with < 0.10
kept in model) showed that OCT findings of hyper-glandular mucosa had six times higher
odds of being diagnosed as malignant (P = 0.0203; 95 % CI 1.3 to 26.5), a hyper-reflective surface had 4.7 times higher odds
of being diagnosed as malignant (p 0.0255 95 % CI 1.2 to 18.0) and scalloping had
7.9 times higher odds of being diagnosed as malignant (P = 0.0035; 95 % CI 1.97 to 31.8).
Fig. 1 a Optical coherence imaging of dilated hyporeflective structure. b Optical coherence imaging of onion skin layering. c Optical coherence imaging of intact layering. d Optical coherence imaging of layering effacement. e Optical coherence imaging of scalloping. f Optical coherence imaging of thickened epithelium. g Optical coherence imaging of hyperglandular mucosa. h Optical coherence imaging of prominent blood vessels. i Optical coherence imaging of hyperreflective surface.
Discussion
OCT evaluation of the pancreaticobiliary tree was first described by Tearney et al
in 1998 [3] in which postmortem normal pancreaticobiliary tissue was analyzed and tissue microstructure
was able to be successfully delineated. Additional ex-vivo studies ([Table 2]) validated these initial findings both in the pancreatic duct [7]
[8] and in the bile duct [9] and showed good correlation with histological comparison (respectively: sensitivity/specificity
for discrimination between cancer and benign disease 78.6 % and 88.9 %; 100 % concordance
with histology in malignancy, 80 % in benign disease; and 100 % concordance with histology
in all cases). Subsequent in-vivo studies ([Table 3]) confirmed the ability to delineate pancreaticobiliary architecture while also demonstrating
feasibility and safety [4]
[5]
[6]
[10]
[11]. Testoni et al [10] showed that OCT was superior to brush cytology in distinguishing non-neoplastic
from neoplastic lesions in the pancreatic duct; Arvanitakis et al [11] found that two criteria for malignancy on OCT were identified in 53 % of malignant
strictures and one criteria in 79 % patients and that OCT improved sensitivity and
accuracy when compared to cytology brushing alone. Yet despite encouraging results,
OCT technology was not adopted for widespread utilization likely due to shallow depth
of penetration, suboptimal resolution, and technical difficulty in obtaining images.
Table 2
Ex vivo studies of pancreaticobiliary OCT.
|
Ex-vivo study
|
N
|
Location
|
Description
|
Findings
|
|
Tearney et al 1998
|
n/a
|
GB, BD, PD, pancreas
|
Postmortem imaging of pancreaticobiliary tissues compared to histology
|
Tissue layers, glands, microvasculature was delineated
|
|
Testoni et al 2005, 2006
|
100 images from 10 patients
|
PD
|
Ex-vivo imaging of malignant and benign PD from patients with adenocarcinoma s/p whipple
compared to corresponding histology
|
Concordance of 100 % in malignant tissue, 82 % in benign
|
|
Intra-observer reproducibility range 85 %–100 %
|
|
Unable to distinguish normal from chronic pancreatitis
|
|
Testoni et al 2006
|
60 Images from 5 patients
|
BD, PD, SOD
|
Ex-vivo imaging of non-neoplastic pancreatic specimens compared to corresponding histology
|
Three-layer wall architecture observed in all cases
|
|
100 % concordance with histology
|
OCT, optical coherence tomography; GB, gallbladder; BD, bile duct; PD, pancreatic
duct; SOD, sphincter of Oddi
Table 3
In vivo studies of pancreaticobiliary OCT
|
In-vivo study
|
N
|
Location
|
Description
|
Findings
|
|
Seitz et al 2001
|
4
|
BD
|
OCT images of BD during ERCP
|
In-vivo OCT is feasible
|
|
Biliary tissue layers could be clearly demonstrated
|
|
Poneros et al 2002
|
5
|
BD
|
OCT images of BD during ERCP compared with non-corresponding cadaveric livers
|
Biliary epithelium, glands, microvascular visualized in-vivo
|
|
Singh et al 2005
|
5 dogs
18 images
|
BD, PD
|
OCT images of PD and BD compared with histology after dogs euthanized
|
Epithelial layer and peribiliary glands were discernable
|
|
Nuclei and adjacent ductal structures could not be identified
|
|
Testoni et al 2007
|
12[1]
|
PD
|
OCT imaging of PD stricture during ERCP
2 normal, 3 chronic panc, 6 malignant
|
Well-differential three-layer architecture in all cases of normal/chronic pancreatitis
|
|
Subverted layering in malignant tissue
|
|
Accuracy 100 % for detection of malignancy
|
|
Unable to distinguish between benign etiologies
|
|
Arvanitakis et al 2008
|
37
19 malignant
16 benign
|
BD
|
Malignancy criteria: layering effacement + tumor vessels
|
2 malignancy criteria in 53 % malignant and 0 % benign
|
|
1 criterion in 79 % malignant and 31 % benign
|
|
OCT added to cytology brushing improved sensitivity and accuracy
|
BD, bile duct; OCT, optical coherence tomography; ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography;
PD, pancreatic duct.
1 1 unable to be imaged due to stricture severity
The newer low-profile NVision VLE probe uses improved technology to increase resolution
and increase depth of penetration. In addition, the catheter is flexible and more
maneuverable through tortuous pancreaticobiliary anatomy without the need for an outer
sheath, and the images are captured without the need for “pull-back technique” by
the endoscopist. Such improvements may facilitate widespread adoption of this new
technology. An ex-vivo study looking at 25 biliary and pancreatic samples confirmed
the ability of the VLE probe to distinguish three histologic layers (epithelium, connective
tissue, and parenchyma) [14]. In addition, distinctive patterns were noted for PSC and adenocarcinoma samples.
Two small in-vivo studies by Tyberg et al and Joshi et al (n = 10, n = 22 respectively)
also found characteristic features on image interpretation for malignant and benign
strictures [12]
[13].
OCT offers several advantages over current diagnostic modalities for indeterminate
strictures. Unlike cholangioscopy which allows for examination of the surface mucosa,
OCT allows for under-the-surface evaluation, potentially capturing lesions that do
not extend transmurally into the biliary or pancreatic ducts. OCT also allows for
circumferential under-the-surface evaluation across 6 cm of tissue in 90 seconds,
unlike confocal endomicroscopy which evaluates only small focal areas at one time.
Additionally, the probe itself is smaller diameter than a cholangioscope and thus
may more easily be advanced into narrow strictures. Yet despite the advantages, we
predict that the optimal utility of OCT will be to be used in conjunction with other
diagnostic modalities as opposed to on its own.
With any new technological modality, initial evaluation must ensure feasibility and
safety. In prior studies, as well as in our data, the addition of performing OCT during
ERCP does not seem to add risk to the procedure as evidenced by the low rate of adverse
events [12]. Similarly, technical success was 100 % indicative of widespread feasibility. The
next step in evaluation is identifying characteristic criteria predictive of malignant
or benign disease. In our study, the nine most frequent criteria were isolated and
analyzed with several being significant predictors of malignant disease. This represents
an exciting start for future study to further evaluate these criteria in a prospective,
large-scale manner. Future studies will need to focus on determining inter-observer
agreement amongst endoscopists in identifying established criteria. In addition, evaluating
the sensitivity and specificy for OCT alone as well as in combination with other diagnostic
modalities such as cholangioscopy and confocal endomicrosopy will need to be investigated.
Limitations of the current study include the lack of comparison to histology in all
patients as well as a limited follow-up time of only 4 months, though prior studies
have confirmed that OCT findings correlate with corresponding histological specimens.
In addition, several of the criteria had a small sample size limiting the ability
to perform multi-variate analysis. Limitations of the technology include the lack
of a wire-guided probe, potentially limiting usage in tight strictures. And lastly,
a designation of malignant or benign was not determined based on OCT findings alone;
instead, characteristics identified on OCT image interpretation were recorded. Thus,
sensitivity and specificity as well as the diagnostic agreement compared to cholangioscopy
and confocal endomicroscopy were not able to be performed in this study. However,
this represents the first step in visually interpreting and confirming features using
an exciting new technology and sets up future study questions including further evaluation
of the identified criteria with large sample sizes, determining the influence of ERCP
procedural factors on image interpretation such as prior stent placement, and the
degree of inter-observer agreement that has limited adaptation of other imaging technology.
These future study questions were addressed at a users’ meeting during Digestive Disease
Week 2018 in Washington, DC. Based on expert opinion and study results, the most promising
criteria were selected, and the next study protocol was designed for further investigation.
Conclusion
In conclusion, newer generation OCT imaging presents an exciting new tool to improve
sensitivity in diagnosing indeterminate biliary and pancreatic duct strictures by
allowing for real-time, sub-surface evaluation of ductal microstructure that provides
information not available via other currently available diagnostic techniques. Certain
identifiable criteria seem to be predictive of malignant disease. However, further
large-scale correlational studies are needed.
