End-stage renal disease and thrombophilia

Zusammenfassung

Die chronische Niereninsuffizienz (chronic kidney disease; CKD) stellt einen bekannten Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung einer arteriellen und venösen Thromboembolie (TE) dar. Das Risiko für eine TE ist bei moderat eingeschränkter Nierenfunktion ca. 2,5-fach erhöht und steigt mit zunehmender Insuffizienz auf etwa das 5,5-Fache. Vergleicht man Patienten mit einer chronischen Niereninsuffizienz mit Patienten, die zusätzlich folgende Risikofaktoren aufweisen, erhöht sich das TE-Risiko erheblich: CKD und arterielle Thrombose: OR 4.9, CKD und maligne Grunderkrankung: OR 5.8, CKD und chirurgischer Eingriff: OR14.0; CKD und angeborene Thrombophilie (OR 4.3).

Die Behandlung der terminalen Niereninsuffizienz besteht in Dialyse, Peritonaldialyse und Nierentransplantation. Bei allen Verfahren sind thromboembolische Komplikationen beschrieben. TEs, insbesondere aber Katheter-assoziierte Thrombosen oder Shuntverschlüsse treten in bis zu 25% der Dialysepatienten auf. Die Inzidenz einer Nierenvenenthrombose als Komplikation nach Nierentransplantation – verbunden mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Organverlustes – wird mit 2–12% angegeben.

Da TE häufig multifaktoriell bedingt sind, erscheint ein generelles Screening auf Thrombophilie in diesem Patientenklientel nicht indiziert. Ein Screening sollte diskutiert werden bei Patienten, die entweder TEs vor Auftreten ihrer Nierenerkrankung entwickelt haben oder die eine positive Familienanamnese hinsichtlich VTE aufweisen. Auch Patienten, die unter Dialyse oder nach Transplantation multiple TEs erleiden und solche, die auf der Warteliste für eine Nierentransplantation (insbesondere Lebendspende) stehen, sollten hinsichtlich Thrombophilie untersucht werden.

Summary

Chronic kidney disease is an established risk factor for arterial and venous thromboembolism (TE). Whereas the overall risk of TE in moderately decreased kidney function is approximately 2.5-fold higher compared to patients with normal renal function, the risk increase is 5.5-fold in patients with severe renal dysfunction. In patients with renal dys-function and arterial thrombosis (OR: 4.9), malignancy (OR: 5.8) surgery (OR: 14.0) or thrombophilia (OR: 4.3) the risk to suffer from venous TE is higher compared to the risk associated to the baseline renal dysfunction alone.

The treatment options for end-stage renal diseases include hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation. During all treatment modalities thrombotic complications have been described, namely catheter malfunction and shunt thrombosis in patients undergoing hemodialysis in up to 25% of patients, and TE, pulmonary embolism or graft vessel thrombosis in approximately 8% of patients. The reported incidence of reno-vascular thrombosis following renal transplantation leading to hemorrhagic infarction with organ rejection or organ loss varied between 2–12%.

Keeping in mind the multifactorial etiology of TE in patients with kidney dysfunction a general screening for thrombophilia in this patient group is not indicated. Selected screening on an individual patient basis should be discussed if the family history for TE is positive or the patient itself had suffered one thrombosis before the onset of the renal disease or multiple TEs during hemodialysis or post kidney transplantation in patients waiting for living donor kidney transplantation.

Schlüsselwörter

Chronisches Nierenversagen - Thrombose - Organ versagen - Thrombophilie

Keywords

Chronic kidney disease - thrombosis - organ failure - thrombophilia

• References

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