CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Indian J Radiol Imaging 2019; 29(02): 141-154
DOI: 10.4103/ijri.IJRI_465_18
Gastro-Intestinal Imaging

Barium esophagogram in various esophageal diseases: A pictorial essay

Uma Debi
Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, PGIMER Chandigarh, India
,
Madhurima Sharma
Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, PGIMER Chandigarh, India
,
Lokesh Singh
Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, PGIMER Chandigarh, India
,
Anindita Sinha
Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, PGIMER Chandigarh, India
› Author Affiliations

Subject Editor: Financial support and sponsorship Nil.

Abstract

Recent years have seen a decline in number of barium procedures due to wider availability of cross sectional imaging modalities. Though use of barium esophagography/barium swallow has decreased in day to day clinical practice, it still remains a valuable test for structural and functional evaluation of esophagus. It can be performed as single or double contrast examination or as a multiphasic examination comprising upright double contrast views followed by prone single contrast views. This pictorial essay demonstrates imaging features of various esophageal diseases on barium esophagogram.



Publication History

Article published online:
22 July 2021

© 2019. Indian Radiological Association. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd.
A-12, Second Floor, Sector -2, NOIDA -201301, India

 
  • References

  • 1 Rubesin SE. Structural abnormalities of the pharynx. In: Gore RM, Levine MS. editors Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2008: 271-308
  • 2 Shauffer IA, Phillips HE, Sequeira J. The jet phenomenon a manifestation of esophageal web. AJR 1977; 129: 747-8
  • 3 Taylor AI, Stewart ET, Dodds WJ. The eophageal jet phenomenon revisited. AJR 1990; 155: 289-90
  • 4 Schatzki R. The lower esophageal ring: Long term follow-up of symptomatic and asymptomatic rings. Am J Roentgenol Ra-dium Ther Nucl Med 1963; 90: 805-10
  • 5 Levine MS. Miscellaneous abnormalities of the esophagus. In: Gore RM, Levine MS. editors Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2000: 465-93
  • 6 Cho SR, Sanders MM, Turner MA, Liu CI, Kipreos BE. Esophageal intramural pseudo-diverticulosis. Gastrointest Radiol 1981; 6: 9-16
  • 7 Ott DJ. Motility disorders of the esophagus. In: Gore RM, Levine MS. editors Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2008: 323-35
  • 8 Woodfield CA, Levine MS, Rubesin SE, Langlotz CP, Laufer I. Diagnosis of primary versus secondary achalasia: Reassessment of clinical and radiographic criteria. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175: 727-31
  • 9 Tucker HJ, Snape WJ, Cohen S. Achalasia secondary to carcinoma: Manometric and clinical features. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89: 315-8
  • 10 Chen YM, Ott DJ, Hewson EG, Richter JE, Wu WC, Gelfand DW. et al. Diffuse esophageal spasm: Radiographic and manometric correlation. Radiology 1989; 170: 807-10
  • 11 Prabhakar AM, Levine MS, Rubesin SE, Laufer I, Katzka D. Relationship be-tween diffuse esophageal spasm and lower esophageal sphinc-ter dysfunction on barium studies and manometry in 14 patients. AJR 2004; 183: 409-13
  • 12 Dodds WJ. Esophagus radiology. In Margulis AR, Burhenne HJ. editors Alimentary Tract Radiology. 4th ed. 1. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1989: 427-500
  • 13 Ott DJ. Motility disorders of the esophagus. Radiol Clin North Am 1994; 32: 111-34
  • 14 Levine MS, Rubesin SE. Radiology of the pharynx and esophagus. In Castell DO, Richter RE. editors The Esophagus. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2004: 47-105
  • 15 Schima W, Eisenhuber E. Radiologic evaluation of esophageal function. In: Ekberg O. editor Radiology of the Pharynx and the Esophagus. Berlin: Springer; 2004: 109-25
  • 16 Spechler SJ, Castell DO. Nonachlasia esophageal motility abnormalities. In: Castell DO, Richter RE. editors The Esophagus. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2004: 262-74
  • 17 Alrakawi A, Clouse RE. The changing use of esophageal manometry in clinical practice. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 2359-62
  • 18 Clouse RE, Staiano A, Alrakawi A, Haroian L. Application of topographical methods to clinical esophageal manometry. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 2720-30
  • 19 Wo JM. Esophageal involvement in systemic diseases. In: Castell DO, Richter RE. editors The Esophagus. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2004: 611-33
  • 20 Klein HA, Wald A, Graham TO, Campbell WL, Steen VD. Comparative studies of esophageal function in systemic sclerosis. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 1551-56
  • 21 Koehler RE, Weyman PJ, Oakley HF. Single- and double-contrast techniques in esophagitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1980; 135: 15-9
  • 22 Creteur V, Thoeni RF, Federle MP, Cello JP, Moss AA, Ominsky SH. et al. The role of single- and double-contrast ra-diography in the diagnosis of reflux esophagitis. Radiology 1983; 147: 71-5
  • 23 Graziani L, Bearzi I, Romagnoli A, Pesaresi A, Montesi A. Significance of diffuse granularity and nodularity of the esophageal mucosa at double-contrast radiography. Gastrointest Radiol 1985; 10: 1-6
  • 24 Dibble C, Levine MS, Rubesin SE, Laufer I, Katzka DA. Detection of reflux esophagitis on double-contrast esophagrams and endoscopy using the histologic findings as the gold standard. Abdom Imaging 2004; 29: 421-5
  • 25 Levine MS. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In: Gore RM, Levine MS. editors Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2000: 337-57
  • 26 Levine MS, Goldstein HM. Fixed transverse folds in the esophagus: A sign of reflux esophagitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1984; 143: 275-78
  • 27 Ott DJ. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Radiol Clin North Am 1994; 32: 1147-66
  • 28 Winters C, Spurling TJ, Chobanian SJ, Curtis DJ, Esposito RL, Hacker 3rd JF. et al. Barrett’s esophagus: A prevalent, occult com-plication of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 118-24
  • 29 Gilchrist AM, Levine MS, Carr RF, Saul SH, Katzka DA, Herlinger H. et al. Barrett’s esophagus: Diagnosis by double-contrast esophagography. AJR Am J Roent-genol 1988; 150: 97-102
  • 30 Levine MS, Kressel HY, Caroline DF, Laufer I, Herlinger H, Thompson JJ. Barrett esophagus: Reticular pattern of the mucosa. Radiology 1983; 147: 663-7
  • 31 Chen YM, Gelfand DW, Ott DJ, Wu WC. Barrett esophagus as an extension of severe esophagitis: Analysis of radiologic signs in 29 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985; 145: 275-81
  • 32 Gefter WB, Laufer I, Edell S, Gohel VK. Candidiasis in the obstructed esophagus. Radiology 1981; 138: 25-8
  • 33 Levine MS, Macones AJ, Laufer I. Candida esophagitis: Accuracy of radiographic diagnosis. Radiology 1985; 154: 581-7
  • 34 Levine MS, Woldenberg R, Herlinger H, Laufer I. Opportunistic esophagitis in AIDS: Radiographic diagnosis. Radiology 1987; 165: 815-20
  • 35 Sam JW, Levine MS, Rubesin SE, Laufer I. The “foamy” esophagus: A radiographic sign of Candida esophagitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 174: 999-1002
  • 36 Shortsleeve MJ, Levine MS. Herpes esophagitis in otherwise healthy patients: Clini-cal and radiographic findings. Radiology 1992; 182: 859-61
  • 37 Levine MS, Laufer I, Kressel HY, Friedman HM. Herpes esophagitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1981; 136: 863-6
  • 38 Levine MS, Loevner LA, Saul SH, Rubesin SE, Herlinger H, Laufer I. Herpes esophagitis: Sensitivity of double-contrast esophagography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1988; 151: 57-62
  • 39 Balthazar EJ, Megibow AJ, Hulnick D, Cho KC, Beranbaum E. Cytomegalovirus esophagitis in AIDS: Radiographic features in 16 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987; 149: 919-23
  • 40 Levine MS, Loercher G, Katzka DA, Herlinger H, Rubesin SE, Laufer I. Giant, hu-man immunodeficiency virus-related ul-cers in the esophagus. Radiology 1991; 180: 323-6
  • 41 Sor S, Levine MS, Kowalski TE, Laufer I, Rubesin SE, Herlinger H. Giant ulcers of the esophagus in patients with human im-munodeficiency virus: Clinical, radio-graphic, and pathologic findings. Radiology 1995; 194: 447-51
  • 42 Levine MS, Rubesin SE. Diseases of the esophagus: Diagnosis with esophagography. Radiology 2005; 237: 414-27
  • 43 Levine MS. Other esophagitides. In: Gore RM, Levine MS. editors Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2008: 375-99
  • 44 Collazzo LA, Levine MS, Rubesin SE, Laufer I. Acute radiation esophagitis: Ra diographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169: 1067-70
  • 45 Lepke RA, Libshitz HI. Radiation-induced injury of the esophagus. Radiology 1983; 148: 375-8
  • 46 Goldman LP, Weigert JM. Corrosive substance ingestion: A review. Am J Gastroenterol 1984; 79: 85-90
  • 47 Neimark S, Rogers AI. Chemical injury of the esophagus. In: Berk JA. editor Bockus Gastroenterology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1985: 769-76
  • 48 Franken EA. Caustic damage of the gastrointestinal tract: Roentgen features. AJR 1973; 118: 77-85
  • 49 Creteur V, Laufer I, Kressel HY, Caroline DF, Goren RA, Evers KA. et al. Drug-induced esophagitis detected by double-contrast radiography. Radiology 1983; 147: 365-8
  • 50 Bova JG, Dutton NE, Goldstein HM, Hoberman LJ. Medication-induced esophagitis: Diagnosis by double-contrast esophagography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987; 148: 731-2
  • 51 Kikendall JW, Friedman AC, Oyewole MA, Fleischer D, Johnson LF. Pill-induced esophageal injury: Case reports and review of the medical literature. Dig Dis Sci 1983; 28: 174-82
  • 52 Coates AG, Nostrand TT, Wilson JA, Elta GH, Agha FP. Esophagitis caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication: Case reports and review of the literature for pill-induced esophageal injury. South Med J 1986; 79: 1094-7
  • 53 De Groen PC, Lubbe DF, Hirsch LJ, Daifotis A, Stephenson W, Freedholm D. et al. Esophagitis associated with the use of alendronate. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1016-21
  • 54 Levine MS. Benign tumors of the esophagus. In: Gore RM, Levine MS. editors Textbook of Gastrointes-Tinal Radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2008: 401-16
  • 55 Rice TW. Benign esophageal tumors: Esophagoscopy and endoscopic esophageal ultrasound. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 15: 20-6
  • 56 Lewis RB, Mehrotra AK, Rodriguez P, Levine MS. From the radiology pathology archives: Esophageal neoplasms: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2013; 33: 1083-108
  • 57 Levine MS. Benign tumors of the esophagus: Radiologic evaluation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 15: 9-19
  • 58 Levine MS, Buck JL, Pantongrag-Brown L, Buetow PC, Hallman JR, Sobin LH. Fibrovascular polyps of the esophagus: Clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings in 16 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996; 166: 781-7
  • 59 Montesi A, Pesaresi A, Graziani L, Salmis-traro D, Dini L, Bearzi I. Small benign tu-mors of the esophagus: Radiological diagnosis with double-contrast examination. Gastrointest Radiol 1983; 8: 207-12
  • 60 Levine MS, Caroline D, Thompson JJ, Kressel HY, Laufer I, Herlinger H. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Relationship to Barrett mucosa. Radiology 1984; 150: 305-9
  • 61 Levine MS, Chu P, Furth EE, Rubesin SE, Laufer I, Herlinger H. Carcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: Sensitivity of radiographic diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168: 1423-6
  • 62 Levine MS, Dillon EC, Saul SH, Laufer I. Early esophageal cancer. AJR Am J Roent-genol 1986; 146: 507-12
  • 63 Levine MS, Halvorsen RA. Carcinoma of the esophagus. In: Gore RM, Levine MS. editors Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2000: 403-33
  • 64 Gloyna RE, Zornoza J, Goldstein HM. Primary ulcerative carcinoma of the esopha-gus. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1977; 129: 599-600
  • 65 Yates CW, LeVine MA, Jensen KM. Varicoid carcinoma of the esophagus. Radiol-ogy 1977; 122: 605-8
  • 66 Agha FP, Keren DF. Spindle-cell squamous car-cinoma of the esophagus: A tumor with biphasic morphology. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985; 145: 541-5
  • 67 Olmsted WW, Lichtenstein JE, Hyams VJ. Polypoid epithelial malignancies of the esophagus. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983; 140: 921-5
  • 68 Levine MS. Other malignant tumors of the esophagus. In: Gore RM, Levine MS. editors Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2008: 447-64
  • 69 Levine MS, Buck JL, Pantongrag-Brown L, Buetow PC, Hallman JR, Sobin LH. Leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus: Radiographic findings in 10 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996; 167: 27-32
  • 70 Yoo CC, Levine MS, McLarney JK, Lowry MA. Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus: Radiographic findings in seven patients. Radiology 1998; 209: 455-9
  • 71 Levine MS, Rubesin SE, Pantongrag-Brown L, Buck JL, Herlinger H. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract: Radiographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168: 165-72
  • 72 Levine MS. Abnormalities of the gastroesophageal junction. In: Gore RM, Levine MS. editors Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2008: 495-506
  • 73 Nagi B, Lal A, Kochhar R, Bhasin DK, Gulati M, Suri S, Singh K. Imaging of esophageal tuberculosis: A review of 23 cases. Acta radiolo 2003; 44: 329-33
  • 74 Karasick S, Lev-Toaff AS. Esophageal strictures: Findings on barium radiographs. Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165: 561-5
  • 75 Woodward M, Crabbe DC, Kiely EM, Spitz L. Congenital intrathoracic stomach. Pediatr Surg Int 1996; 11: 116-8
  • 76 Skandalakis JE, Gray SW, Ricketts R, Skandalakis LJ. Embryology for Surgeons: The Embryological Basis for the Treatment of Congenital Abnormalities. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Willkins; 1994: 98-100
  • 77 Leung AW, Lam HS, Chu WC, Lee KH, Tam YH, Ng PC. Congenital intrathoracic stomach: short esophagus or hiatal hernia?. Neonatology 2008; 93: 178-81