Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis L. at different concentrations versus Streptococcus mutans: An In vitro comparative study

Abstract>

Aim: The study aimed to compare the in vitro antibacterial activity of an ethanol extract of Rosmarinus officinalis “romero” (EERO) at different concentrations with Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Materials and Methods: We worked with three concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75% of the EERO and compared these with the positive control chlorhexidine 0.12% and distilled water as a negative control. Seeding was performed in Müller–Hinton agar medium. The inhibitory effectiveness of EERO was determined using the disc diffusion method with the experimental solutions. The seeded and inoculated plates were incubated at 37°C, for 24 and 48 h. The reading was carried out according to the Kirby–Bauer method by measuring the diameter (mm) of the inhibition halo formed by the bacteria using a Vernier caliper and recorded on a data collection sheet. Results: In the 24-h group, chlorhexidine 0.12% showed the highest inhibition halos with a mean of 12.8 ± 0.8 mm, followed by EERO 75% with a similar mean of 12.1 ± 0.6 mm. Similarly, at 48 h, chlorhexidine 0.12% had the highest antibacterial activity of 13.0 ± 0.7 mm followed by EERO 75% with 12.2 ± 0.5 mm. Conclusions: The EERO showed inhibitory effectiveness against S. mutans, with the concentration of 75 mg/ml showing similar results, albeit not statistically significantly different, to those of chlorhexidine.

Keywords

Antibacterial activity - in vitro - Romero - Rosmarinus officinalis

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
01. November 2021

• References

• 1 Silva S, Alves N, Silva P, Vieira T, Maciel P, Castellano LR, et al. Antibacterial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis, Zingiber officinale, Citrus aurantium bergamia, and Copaifera officinalis alone and in combination with calcium hydroxide against. Biomed Res Int 2019;2019:8129439.
• 2 Capatina L, Boiangiu RS, Dumitru G, Napoli EM, Ruberto G, Hritcu L, et al. Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil improves scopolamine-induced neurobehavioral changes via restoration of cholinergic function and brain antioxidant status in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Antioxidants (Basel) 2020;9:62.
• 3 Park KM, Yoon SG, Choi TH, Kim HJ, Park KJ, Koo M. The bactericidal effect of a combination of food-grade compounds and their application as alternative antibacterial agents for food contact surfaces. Foods 2020;9:59.
• 4 Zairi A, Nouir S, Khalifa MA, Ouni B, Haddad H, Khelifa A, et al. Phytochemical analysis and assessment of biological properties of essential oils obtained from thyme and Rosmarinus Species. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020;21:414-24.
• 5 Elmi A, Prosperi A, Zannoni A, Bertocchi M, Scorpio DG, Forni M, et al. Antimicrobial capabilities of non-spermicidal concentrations of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) essential oils on the liquid phase of refrigerated swine seminal doses. Res Vet Sci 2019;127:76-81.
• 6 Amaral GP, Mizdal CR, Stefanello ST, Mendez ASL, Puntel RL, de Campos MM, et al. Antibacterial and antioxidant effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract and its fractions. J Tradit Complement Med 2019;9:383-92.
• 7 Mayta-Tovalino F, Gamboa E, Sánchez R, Rios J, Medina R, García M, et al. Development and formulation of the experimental dentifrice based on Passiflora mollissima (Tumbo) with and without fluoride anion: Antibacterial Activity on seven antimicrobial strains. Int J Dent 2019;2019:9056590.
• 8 Calderon A, Salas J, Dapello G, Gamboa E, Rosas J, Chávez J, et al. Assessment of antibacterial and antifungal properties and in vivo cytotoxicity of Peruvian Passiflora mollisima. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20:145-51.
• 9 Mayta-Tovalino F, Sedano-Balbin G, Romero-Tapia P, Alvítez-Temoche D, Álvarez-Paucar M, Gálvez-Calla L, et al. Development of new experimental dentifrice of Peruvian Solanum tuberosum (Tocosh) fermented by water stress: Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20:1206-11.
• 10 de Medeiros Barbosa I, da Cruz Almeida ET, Castellano LR, de Souza EL. Influence of stressing conditions caused by organic acids and salts on tolerance of Listeria monocytogenes to Origanum vulgare L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils and damage in bacterial physiological functions. Food Microbiol 2019;84:103240.
• 11 Abdallah Y, Ogunyemi SO, Abdelazez A, Zhang M, Hong X, Ibrahim E, et al. The green synthesis of MgO nano-flowers using Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) and the antibacterial activities against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Biomed Res Int 2019;2019:5620989.
• 12 Lorenzo-Leal AC, Palou E, López-Malo A. Evaluation of the efficiency of allspice, thyme and rosemary essential oils on two foodborne pathogens in in-vitro and on alfalfa seeds, and their effect on sensory characteristics of the sprouts. Int J Food Microbiol 2019;295:19-24.
• 13 Nieto G, Ros G, Castillo J. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial properties of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.): A review. Medicines (Basel) 2018;5:98.
• 14 Zairi A, Nouir S, M Hamdi N, Bennani M, Bergaoui I, Mtiraoui A, et al. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and the phenolic content of infusion, decoction and methanolic extracts of thyme and Rosmarinus species. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2018;19:590-9.
• 15 Iseppi R, Sabia C, de Niederhäusern S, Pellati F, Benvenuti S, Tardugno R, et al. Antibacterial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils and their combination against food-borne pathogens and spoilage bacteria in ready-to-eat vegetables. Nat Prod Res 2019;33:3568-72.
• 16 Nouri A, Tavakkoli Yaraki M, Ghorbanpour M, Wang S. Biodegradable κ-carrageenan/nanoclay nanocomposite films containing Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract for improved strength and antibacterial performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2018;115:227-35.
• 17 Neves JA, Neves JA, Oliveira RC. Pharmacological and biotechnological advances with Rosmarinus officinalis L. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018;28:399-413.
• 18 Elmi A, Ventrella D, Barone F, Filippini G, Benvenuti S, Pisi A, et al. Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. and Rosmarinus officinalis (L.) essential oils:In vitro effects and toxicity on swine spermatozoa. Molecules 2017;22:2162.
• 19 Jardak M, Elloumi-Mseddi J, Aifa S, Mnif S. Chemical composition, anti-biofilm activity and potential cytotoxic effect on cancer cells of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil from Tunisia. Lipids Health Dis 2017;16:190.
• 20 Santomauro F, Sacco C, Donato R, Bellumori M, Innocenti M, Mulinacci N. The antimicrobial effects of three phenolic extracts from Rosmarinus officinalis L., Vitis vinifera L. and Polygonum cuspidatum L. on food pathogens. Nat Prod Res 2018;32:2639-45.
• 21 Poma-Castillo L, Espinoza-Poma M, Mauricio F, Mauricio-Vilchez C, Alvítez-Temoche D, Mayta-Tovalino F. Antifungal activity of ethanol-extracted Bixa orellana (L) (Achiote) on Candida albicans, at six different concentrations. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20:1159-63.