Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · J Lab Physicians 2018; 10(03): 326-331
DOI: 10.4103/JLP.JLP_7_18
Original Article

Seroprevalence of HSV-1 and 2 in HIV-infected males with and without GUD: Study from a tertiary care setting of India

Arshi Munawwar
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India
,
Somesh Gupta
Department of Dermatology and Venereology All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
,
Surendra Kumar Sharma
Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
,
Sarman Singh
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India
› Author Affiliations Financial support and sponsorship: The study was financially supported by Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India (Grant No: Indo‑US/69/9/2010‑ECD‑II).
› Further Information
Also available at
  PDF Download Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is associated with an increased risk of both human immune deficiency virus (HIV) transmission and acquisition. However, in India, literature on HSV infections in in HIV-infected males has been scarce. The present study was carried out to assess the seroprevalence of these viruses in HIV-infected males, so as to provide a baseline data from India and report on HSV associated GUD prevalence in HIV infected males.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to estimate the seroprevalence of herpes simplex type 1 and 2 viruses in HIV-infected males with and without genital ulcers disease (GUD).

MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was a prospective study. We included a total of 351 male participants in this study. Among these 233 were HIV-infected and 118 HIV-uninfected males who served as controls. The seroprevalence was estimated, using HSV-1 and 2 type specific IgG and IgM antibodies by ELISA.

RESULTS: HIV-infected patients had a median age of 32 ± 6.97 years (interquartile range: 28–36). Of the 351 males, 25.92% (91/351) were infected with HSV-1 and HSV-2 both. The overall seroprevalence of HSV-1 singly infected, HSV-2 singly infected, and dual infection in HIV-infected males was 39.92%, 25.58%, and 37.33% whereas in HIV-uninfected group the corresponding figures were 71.18%, 5.08%, and 3.38%, respectively. Seven of 233 (3%) HIV-infected males were having incident HSV infection. GUD was reported in both HSV-1 and HSV-2 seropositive individuals.

CONCLUSIONS: Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections were found to be associated with GUD in HIV-infected patients. The prevalence of HIV-HSV co-infection among GUD patients is high.

Keywords

Genital ulcers disease - human immune deficiency virus/AIDS - herpes simplex virus-1 - herpes simplex virus-2 - seroprevalence


Publication History

Received: 13 January 2018

Accepted: 14 May 2018

Article published online:
19 February 2020

© 2018.

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd.
A-12, Second Floor, Sector -2, NOIDA -201301, India

 

  • REFERENCES

  • 1 Wald A, Ashley-Morrow R. Serological testing for herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 infection. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:S173-82.
  • 2 Tan DH, Kaul R, Walsmley S. Left out but not forgotten: Should closer attention be paid to coinfection with herpes simplex virus type 1 and HIV? Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2009;20:e1-7.
  • 3 Tronstein E, Johnston C, Huang ML, Selke S, Magaret A, Warren T, et al. Genital shedding of herpes simplex virus among symptomatic and asymptomatic persons with HSV-2 infection. JAMA 2011;305:1441-9.
  • 4 Freeman EE, Weiss HA, Glynn JR, Cross PL, Whitworth JA, Hayes RJ, et al. Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases HIV acquisition in men and women: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. AIDS 2006;20:73-83.
  • 5 Haddow LJ, Dave B, Mindel A, McPhie KA, Chung C, Marks C, et al. Increase in rates of herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of anogenital herpes in Western Sydney, Australia, between 1979 and 2003. Sex Transm Infect 2006;82:255-9.
  • 6 Shepherd ME, Gangakhedkar RR, Sahay S, Reynolds SJ, Ghate MV, Risbud AR, et al. Incident HIV infection among men attending STD clinics in Pune, India: Pathways to disparity and interventions to enhance equity. J Health Popul Nutr 2003;21:251-63.
  • 7 Cowan FM, French RS, Mayaud P, Gopal R, Robinson NJ, de Oliveira SA, et al. Seroepidemiological study of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in Brazil, Estonia, India, Morocco, and Sri Lanka. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:286-90.
  • 8 Kumarasamy N, Balakrishnan P, Venkatesh KK, Srikrishnan AK, Cecelia AJ, Thamburaj E, et al. Prevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted infections among South Indians at increased risk of HIV infection. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2008;22:677-82.
  • 9 Schneider JA, Lakshmi V, Dandona R, Kumar GA, Sudha T, Dandona L, et al. Population-based seroprevalence of HSV-2 and syphilis in Andhra Pradesh state of India. BMC Infect Dis 2010;10:59.
  • 10 Sgaier SK, Mony P, Jayakumar S, McLaughlin C, Arora P, Kumar R, et al. Prevalence and correlates of herpes simplex virus-2 and syphilis infections in the general population in India. Sex Transm Infect 2011;87:94-100.
  • 11 Karad AB, Khade SL. Seroepidemiological study of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in HIV positive patients, Delhi, India, 2007. Int J Med Public Health 2013;3:168-72.
  • 12 Solomon S, Chakraborty A, Yepthomi RD. A review of the HIV epidemic in India. AIDS Educ Prev 2004;16:155-69.
  • 13 Munawwar A, Sharma SK, Gupta S, Singh S. Seroprevalence and determinants of kaposi sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus 8 in Indian HIV-infected males. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014;30:1192-6.
  • 14 Munawwar A, Singh S. Human herpesviruses as copathogens of HIV infection, their role in HIV transmission, and disease progression. J Lab Physicians 2016;8:5-18.
  • 15 Hagan H, Jenness SM, Wendel T, Murrill CR, Neaigus A, Gelpi-Acosta C, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 associated with HIV infection among New York heterosexuals living in high-risk areas. Int J STD AIDS 2010;21:580-3.
  • 16 Celum CL. The interaction between herpes simplex virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Herpes 2004;11 Suppl 1:36A-45A.
  • 17 Sanchez J, Volquez C, Totten PA, Campos PE, Ryan C, Catlin M, et al. The etiology and management of genital ulcers in the Dominican Republic and Peru. Sex Transm Dis 2002;29:559-67.
  • 18 Allan PS, Das S. Prevalence of HSV-1/HSV-2 antibodies in HIV seropositive patients in Coventry, United Kingdom. Sex Transm Infect 2004;80:77.
  • 19 Smith JS, Robinson NJ. Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: A global review. J Infect Dis 2002;186 Suppl 1:S3-28.
  • 20 Wald A, Zeh J, Selke S, Warren T, Ashley R, Corey L, et al. Genital shedding of herpes simplex virus among men. J Infect Dis 2002;186 Suppl 1:S34-9.
  • 21 Ross JD, Smith IW, Elton RA. The epidemiology of herpes simplex types 1 and 2 infection of the genital tract in Edinburgh 1978-1991. Genitourin Med 1993;69:381-3.
  • 22 Romanowski B, Myziuk LN, Walmsley SL, Trottier S, Singh AE, Houston S, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for herpes simplex virus infection in a population of HIV-infected patients in Canada. Sex Transm Dis 2009;36:165-9.
  • 23 Smit C, Pfrommer C, Mindel A, Taylor J, Spaargaren J, Berkhout B, et al. Rise in seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 among highly sexual active homosexual men and an increasing association between herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV over time (1984-2003). Eur J Epidemiol 2007;22:937-44.
  • 24 Sudenga SL, Kempf MC, McGwin G Jr., Wilson CM, Hook EW 3rd, Shrestha S, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and epidemiology of herpes simplex virus-2 in HIV-1-positive and HIV-1-negative adolescents. Sex Transm Dis 2012;39:300-5.
  • 25 Duffus WA, Mermin J, Bunnell R, Byers RH, Odongo G, Ekwaru P, et al. Chronic herpes simplex virus type-2 infection and HIV viral load. Int J STD AIDS 2005;16:733-5.
  • 26 Lisco A, Munawwar A, Introini A, Vanpouille C, Saba E, Feng X, et al. Semen of HIV-1-infected individuals: Local shedding of herpesviruses and reprogrammed cytokine network. J Infect Dis 2012;205:97-105.