Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Journal of Social Health and Diabetes 2015; 03(02): 102-114
DOI: 10.4103/2321-0656.152820
Original Article
NovoNordisk Education Foundation

Where are they? The inclusion of African-American men in empirical studies of type 2 diabetes self-care management

Ledric D. Sherman
Department of Health and Kinesiology, Division of Health Education, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States America
,
E. Lisako J. McKyer
Department of Health and Kinesiology, Division of Health Education, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States America
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
22 November 2018 (online)

   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Background: African-American Men experience higher rates of serious complications of diabetes, due in part to poor disease management. Yet it is unclear to what extent research been devoted to type 2 diabetes management in this population. Purpose: A need exists to clarify the extant literature on self-care management (SCM) practices of African-American Men with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature and methodological quality scoring (MQS) using the Garrard matrix method was performed. Low scores (0-1) indicate low representation of African-American men; highest score (3) indicate high inclusion of African-American men in the samples. The search targeted articles focused on type 2 diabetes self-care management, and which included samples of African-American Men. Each publication was reviewed and assigned a MQS by the researchers, who reached 100% concordance with the MQS. Results: Initial screening yielded 122 articles, but only 41 met full study inclusion criteria. These studies represent a combined sample size of 9,171 participants of which less than one-third (3,007; 32.8%) were clearly identifiable as African-American men. Only 7 studies had samples consisting 100% of African-American Men. Mixed methods approaches were used least (n = 9 studies), followed by quantitative approaches (n = 15 studies). Qualitative approaches was most commonly used (n = 17 studies). Most (n = 24) studies scored low (0 to 1 score), indicating low-level of inclusion of African-American Men in their sample. Discussion: In spite of the growing body of literature on managing type 2 diabetes, there is a paucity of information focused on a high-need and high-risk group - African-American Men. The exclusion of this population can result in adverse health consequences, given the high comorbidities associated with uncontrolled diabetes. Conclusion: Including more African-American Men in self-care management studies can help determine the factors affecting research participation among this group as well as to further understand the complexity that these men face regarding managing their diabetes.

Diabetes - African-American Men - Management
 

  • References

  • 1 Shavers-Hornaday VL, Lynch CF, Burmeister LF, Torner JC. Why are African-Americans under-represented in medical research studies. Impediments to participation?. Ethn Health 1997; 2: 31-45
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Areán PA, Gallagher-Thompson D. Issues and recommendations for the recruitment and retention of older ethnic minority adults into clinical research. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996; 64: 875-880
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Hodge FS, Weinmann S, Roubideaux Y. Recruitment of American Indians and Alaska Natives into clinical trials. Ann Epidemiol 2000; 10: S41-S48
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 McCabe MS, Varricchio CG, Padberg RM. Efforts to recruit the economically disadvantaged to national clinical trials. Semin Oncol Nurs 1994; 10: 123-129
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Stark N, Paskett E, Bell R, Cooper MR, Walker E, Wilson A. et al. Increasing participation of minorities in cancer clinical trials: Summary of the "Moving Beyond the Barriers" Conference in North Carolina. J Natl Med Assoc 2002; 94: 31-39
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Zambrana RE, Carter-Pokras O. Health data issues for Hispanics: Implications forpublic health research. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2001; 12: 20-34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Cook LS, de Mange BP. Gaining access to Native American cultures by non-Native American nursing researchers. Nurs Forum 1995; 30: 5-10
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Kaluzny A, Brawley O, Garson-Angert D, Shaw J, Godley P, Warnecke R. et al. Assuring access to state-of-the-art care for U.S. minority populations: The first years of the Minority-Based Community Clinical Oncology Program. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 1945-1950
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Dennis BP, Neese JB. Recruitment and retention of African-American elders into community-based research: Lessons learned. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2000; 14: 3-11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Harris Y, Gorelick PB, Samuels P, Bempong I. Why African-Americans may not be participating in clinical trials. J Natl Med Assoc 1996; 88: 630-634
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Powell JH, Fleming Y. Making medicines for America: The case for clinical trial diversity. J Natl Med Assoc 2000; 92: 507-514
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Moyé LA, Powell JH. Evaluation of ethnic minorities and gender effects in clinical trials: Opportunities lost and rediscovered. J Natl Med Assoc 2001; 93: 29-34S
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Ness RB, Nelson DB, Kumanyika SK, Grisso JA. Evaluating minority recruitment into clinical studies: How good are the data?. Ann Epidemiol 1997; 7: 472-478
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Baker R. Minority distrust of medicine: A historical perspective. Mt Sinai J Med 1999; 66: 212-222
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Blendon RJ, Scheck AC, Donelan K, Hill CA, Smith M, Beatrice D. et al. How white and African-Americans view their health and social problems. Different experiences, different expectations. JAMA 1995; 273: 341-346
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Corbie-Smith G, Thomas SB. St. George DM. Distrust, race, and research. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2458-2463
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Davis SM, Reid R. Practicing participatory research in American Indian communities. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 755-759S
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Earl CE, Penney PJ. The significance of trust in the research consent process with African-Americans. West J Nurs Res 2001; 23: 753-762
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Fouad MN, Partridge E, Green BL, Kohler C, Wynn T, Nagy S. et al. Minority recruitment in clinical trials: A conference at Tuskegee, researchers and the community. Ann Epidemiol 2000; 10: S35-S40
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Gamble VN. Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African-Americans and health care. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 1773-1778
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 LaVeist TA, Nickerson KJ, Bowie JV. Attitudes about racism, medical mistrust, and satisfaction with care among African-American and white cardiac patients. Med Care Res Rev 2000; 57: 146-161
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 McGary H. Distrust, social justice, and health care. Mt Sinai J Med 1999; 66: 236-240
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Sambo BH. Strong Heart Study Investigators. The Strong Heart Study: Interaction with and benefit to American Indian communities. Am J Med Sci 2001; 322: 282-285
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Thomas SB, Quinn SC. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1932 to 1972: Implicationsfor HIV education and AIDS risk education programs in the Black community. Am J Public Health 1991; 81: 1498-1505
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Hammond WP. Psychosocial correlates of medical mistrust among African American men. Am J Community Psychol 2010; 45: 87-106
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Mansfield AK, Addis ME, Courtenay W. Measurement of men′s help-seeking: Development and evaluation of the barriers to help seeking scale. Psychol Men Masculin 2005; 6: 95-108
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Hammond WP, Mattis JS. Being a man about it: Manhood meaning among African American men. Psychol Men Masculin 2005; 6: 114-126
    Google Scholar
  • 28 LaVeist TA, Isaac LA, Williams KP. Mistrust of health care organizations isassociated with underutilization of health services. Health Serv Res 2009; 44: 2093-2105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Lillie-Blanton M, Brodie M, Rowland D, Altman D, McIntosh M. Race, ethnicity, and the healthcare system: Public perceptions and experiences. Med Care Res Rev 2000; 57: 218-235
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Hendricks LE, Hendricks RT. The effect of diabetes self-management education with frequent follow-up on the health outcomes of African-American Men. Diabetes Educ 2000; 26: 995-1002
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Garrard JG. Health sciences literature review made easy: The matrix method. Edited by Sullivan K. 2nd ed.. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett; 2004: 30-33
    Google Scholar
  • 32 Freimuth VS, Quinn SC, Thomas SB, Cole G, Zook E, Duncan T. African Americans′ views on research and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Soc Sci Med 2001; 52: 797-808
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Swanson GM, Ward AJ. Recruiting minorities into clinical trials: Toward a participant-friendly system. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 1747-1759
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Brandt AM. Racism and research: The case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Hastings Cent Rep 1978; 8: 21-29
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Caplan AL. Twenty years after. The legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. When evil intrudes 1992; 22: 29-32
    Google Scholar
  • 36 Edgar H. Twenty years after. The legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Outside the community 1992; 22: 32-35
    Google Scholar
  • 37 King PA. Twenty years after. The legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The dangers of difference 1992; 22: 35-38
    Google Scholar
  • 38 Jones JH. Bad blood. Simon and Schuster. New York, NY: 1993: 206-209
    Google Scholar
  • 39 Foster MW, Bernsten D, Carter TH. A model agreement for genetic research insocially identifiable populations. Am J Hum Gen 1998; 63: 696-702
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Freeman HP. The impact of clinical trial protocols on patient care systems in a large city hospital. Access for the socially disadvantaged. Cancer 1993; 72: 2834-2838
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Gorelick PB, Richardson D, Hudson E, Perry C, Robinson D, Brown N. et al. Establishing a community network for recruitment of African Americans into a clinical trial. The African-American antiplatelet stroke Prevention Study (AAASPS) experience. J Natl Med Assoc 1996; 88: 701-704
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Barry M. Ethical considerations of human investigation in developing countries: The AIDS dilemma. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1083-1086
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Hammond WP, Matthews D, Corbie-Smith G. Psychosocial factors associated with routine health examination scheduling and receipt among African-American men. J Natl Med Assoc 2010; 102: 276-289
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Hammond WP, Matthews D, Mohottige D, Agyemang A, Corbie-Smith G. Masculinity, medical mistrust, and preventive health services delays among community-dwelling African-American men. J Gen Intern Med 2010; 25: 1300-1308
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Mouton CP, Harris S, Rovi S, Solorzano P, Johnson MS. Barriers to black women′s participation in cancer clinical trials. J Natl Med Assoc 1997; 89: 721-727
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Byman B. Out from the shadow of Tuskegee. Fighting racism in medicine. Minn Med 1991; 74: 15-20
    PubMedGoogle Scholar