Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2014; 08(02): 287-290
DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.130640
Review Article
Dental Investigation Society

Gingival pigmentation index proposal of a new index with a brief review of current indices

Syed Wali Peeran
1   Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sebha University, Sebha, Libya
,
Karthikeyan Ramalingam
2   Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sebha University, Sebha, Libya
,
Syed Ali Peeran
3   Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
,
Omar Basheer Altaher
4   Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Sebha University, Sebha, Libya
,
Fatma Mojtaba Alsaid
5   Faculty of Dentistry, Sebha University, Sebha, Libya
,
Marei Hamed Mugrabi
6   Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
25 September 2019 (online)

Also available at
  PDF Download Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

Cosmetic expectations have increased with time and current trends speak volumes about gingival esthetics and smile designing. Gingival pigmentation especially on the labial aspect of anterior teeth has become an important component of general esthetics. Various physiologic and pathologic factors cause gingival pigmentation. The existing indices do not deal with the etiology, extent and severity of gingival pigmentation. Hence, we propose a new classification and index for gingival pigmentation to assess the treatment needs for the patient.

Keywords:

Gingival melanin pigmentation - gingival pigmentation index - gingival pigmented lesions - melanin index - physiological gingival pigmentation
 

  • REFERENCES

  • 1 American Academy of Periodontology. Glossary of periodontal terms. 4th ed.. American Academy of Periodontology; 2001. Chicago, Illinois: p. 41
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Eid HA, Syed S, Soliman AN. The role of gingival melanin pigmentation in inflammation of gingiva, based on genetic analysis. J Int Oral Health 2013; 5: 1-7
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Nakamura Y, Funato A, Wakabayashi H, Matsumoto K. A study on the removal of the melanin pigmentation of dog gingiva by CO2 laser irradiation. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1992; 10: 41-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Esen E, Haytac MC, Oz IA, Erdoğan O, Karsli ED. Gingival melanin pigmentation and its treatment with the CO2 laser. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004; 98: 522-7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Arikan F, Gürkan A. Cryosurgical treatment of gingival melanin pigmentation with tetrafluoroethane. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod 2007; 103: 452-7
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Meleti M, Vescovi P, Mooi WJ, van der Waal I. Pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa and perioral tissues: A flow-chart for the diagnosis and some recommendations for the management. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008; 105: 606-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Unsal E, Paksoy C, Soykan E, Elhan AH, Sahin M. Oral melanin pigmentation related to smoking in a Turkish population. Community DentOralEpidemiol 2001; 29: 272-7
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Leroy R, Eaton KA, Savage A. Methodological issues in epidemiological studies of periodontitis--how can it be improved?. BMC Oral Health 2010; 10: 8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Dummett CO, Gupta OP. Estimating the epidemiology of gingival pigmentation. J Natl Med Assoc 1964; 56: 419-20
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Hedin CA. Smokers'melanosis. Occurrence and localization in the attached gingiva. Arch Dermatol 1977; 113: 1533-8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Hanioka T, Tanaka K, Ojima M, Yuuki K. Association of melanin pigmentation in the gingiva of children with parents who smoke. Pediatrics 2005; 116: e186-90
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Kumar S, Bhat SG, Bhat MK. Development in techniques for gingival depigmentation-An update. Indian J Dent 2012; 3: 213-21
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Dummett CO. Clinical observation on pigment variations in healthy oral tissues in the Negro. J Dent Res 1945; 24: 7-13
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Liébart M, Fouque-Deruelle C, Santini A, Dillier F, Monnet-Corti V, Glise J. et al. Smile line and periodontium visibility. Perio 2004; 1: 17-25
    Google Scholar