Lasers in orthodontics

ABSTRACT

Many types of dental lasers are currently available that can be efficiently used for soft and hard tissue applications in the field of orthodontics. For achieving the desired effects in the target tissue, knowledge of laser characteristics such as power, wavelength and timing, is necessary. Laser therapy is advantageous because it often avoids bleeding, can be pain free, is non-invasive and is relatively quick. The high cost is its primary disadvantage. It is very important to take the necessary precautions to prevent possible tissue damage when using laser dental systems. Here, we reviewed the main types and characteristics of laser systems used in dental practice and discuss the applications of lasers in orthodontics, harmful effects and laser system safety.

Key words:

Dentistry - laser - orthodontics

• REFERENCES

• 1 Maiman TH. Stimulated optical radiation by ruby. Nature 1960; 187: 493-4
• 2 Coluzzi DJ. Fundamentals of dental lasers: Science and instruments. Dent Clin North Am 2004; 48: 751-70
• 3 Harris DM, Pick RM. Laser physics. In: Miserendino LJ, Pick RM. editors. Lasers in Dentistry. Singapore: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc; 1995: p. 27-38
• 4 Lomke MA. Clinical applications of dental lasers. Gen Dent 2009; 57: 47-59
• 5 Miserendino LJ, Pick RM. Current applications of lasers in dentistry. In: Lasers in Dentistry. Singapore: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc; 1995: p. 126-8
• 6 Moritz A. Cavity preparation. In: Moritz A. editors. Oral Laser Application. Berlin: Quintessenz; 2006: p. 75-136
• 7 van As G. Erbium lasers in dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 2004; 48: 1017-59 viii
• 8 Goldstein A, White JM, Pick RM. Clinical applications of the Nd: YAG lasers. In: Miserendino LJ, Pick RM. editors. Lasers in Dentistry. Singapore: Quintessence Publishing Co. Inc; 1995: p. 199-217
• 9 Fornaini C, Rocca JP, Bertrand MF, Merigo E, Nammour S, Vescovi P. Nd: YAG and diode laser in the surgical management of soft tissues related to orthodontic treatment. Photomed Laser Surg 2007; 25: 381-92
• 10 Harris DM. Biomolecular mechanism of laser biostimulation. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1991; 8: 277-80
• 11 Harazaki M, Isshiki Y. Soft laser irradiation effects on pain reduction in orthodontic treatment. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 1997; 38: 291-5
• 12 Fukui T, Harazaki M, Muraki K, Sakamoto T, Isshiki Y, Yamaguchi H. The evaluation of laser irradiated pain reductive effect by occlusal force measurement. Orthod Waves 2002; 61: 199-206
• 13 Lim HM, Lew KK, Tay DK. A clinical investigation of the efficacy of low level laser therapy in reducing orthodontic postadjustment pain. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995; 108: 614-22
• 14 Saito S, Mikikawa Y, Usui M, Mikawa M, Yamasaki K, Inoue T. Clinical application of a pressure-sensitive occlusal sheet for tooth pain-time dependent pain associated with a multi-bracket system and the inhibition of pain by laser irradiation. Orthod Waves 2002; 61: 31-9
• 15 Turhani D, Scheriau M, Kapral D, Benesch T, Jonke E, Bantleon HP. Pain relief by single low-level laser irradiation in orthodontic patients undergoing fixed appliance therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 130: 371-7
• 16 Tortamano A, Lenzi DC, Haddad AC, Bottino MC, Dominguez GC, Vigorito JW. Low-level laser therapy for pain caused by placement of the first orthodontic archwire: A randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 136: 662-7
• 17 Youssef M, Ashkar S, Hamade E, Gutknecht N, Lampert F, Mir M. The effect of low-level laser therapy during orthodontic movement: A preliminary study. Lasers Med Sci 2008; 23: 27-33
• 18 Xiaoting L, Yin T, Yangxi C. Interventions for pain during fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. A systematic review. Angle Orthod 2010; 80: 925-32
• 19 De Nguyen T, Turcotte JY. Lasers in dentistry and in oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Can Dent Assoc 1994; 60: 227-8, 231
• 20 Fujiyama K, Deguchi T, Murakami T, Fujii A, Kushima K, Takano-Yamamoto T. Clinical effect of CO (2) laser in reducing pain in orthodontics. Angle Orthod 2008; 78: 299-303
• 21 Sun G, Tunér J. Low-level laser therapy in dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 2004; 48: 1061-76
• 22 Seifi M, Shafeei HA, Daneshdoost S, Mir M. Effects of two types of low-level laser wave lengths (850 and 630 nm) on the orthodontic tooth movements in rabbits. Lasers Med Sci 2007; 22: 261-4
• 23 Kawasaki K, Shimizu N. Effects of low-energy laser irradiation on bone remodeling during experimental tooth movement in rats. Lasers Surg Med 2000; 26: 282-91
• 24 Altan BA, Sokucu O, Ozkut MM, Inan S. Metrical and histological investigation of the effects of low-level laser therapy on orthodontic tooth movement. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 27: 131-40
• 25 Goulart CS, Nouer PR, Mouramartins L, Garbin IU, de Fátima Zanirato LizarelliR. Photoradiation and orthodontic movement: Experimental study with canines. Photomed Laser Surg 2006; 24: 192-6
• 26 Cruz DR, Kohara EK, Ribeiro MS, Wetter NU. Effects of low-intensity laser therapy on the orthodontic movement velocity of human teeth: A preliminary study. Lasers Surg Med 2004; 35: 117-20
• 27 Fujita S, Yamaguchi M, Utsunomiya T, Yamamoto H, Kasai K. Low-energy laser stimulates tooth movement velocity via expression of RANK and RANKL. Orthod Craniofac Res 2008; 11: 143-55
• 28 Limpanichkul W, Godfrey K, Srisuk N, Rattanayatikul C. Effects of low-level laser therapy on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Orthod Craniofac Res 2006; 9: 38-43
• 29 Saito S, Shimizu N. Stimulatory effects of low-power laser irradiation on bone regeneration in midpalatal suture during expansion in the rat. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997; 111: 525-32
• 30 Angeletti P, Pereira MD, Gomes HC, Hino CT, Ferreira LM. Effect of low-level laser therapy (GaAlAs) on bone regeneration in midpalatal anterior suture after surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: e38-46
• 31 Ozawa Y, Shimizu N, Kariya G, Abiko Y. Low-energy laser irradiation stimulates bone nodule formation at early stages of cell culture in rat calvarial cells. Bone 1998; 22: 347-54
• 32 Zakariasen KL, MacDonald R, Boran T. Spotlight on lasers. A look at potential benefits. J Am Dent Assoc 1991; 122: 58-62
• 33 Walsh LJ, Abood D, Brockhurst PJ. Bonding of resin composite to carbon dioxide laser-modified human enamel. Dent Mater 1994; 10: 162-6
• 34 Nelson DG, Wefel JS, Jongebloed WL, Featherstone JD. Morphology, histology and crystallography of human dental enamel treated with pulsed low-energy infrared laser radiation. Caries Res 1987; 21: 411-26
• 35 Silverstone LM, Saxton CA, Dogon IL, Fejerskov O. Variation in the pattern of acid etching of human dental enamel examined by scanning electron microscopy. Caries Res 1975; 9: 373-87
• 36 Visuri SR, Gilbert JL, Wright DD, Wigdor HA, Walsh Jr JT. Shear strength of composite bonded to Er: YAG laser-prepared dentin. J Dent Res 1996; 75: 599-605
• 37 Lee BS, Hsieh TT, Lee YL, Lan WH, Hsu YJ, Wen PH. et al. Bond strengths of orthodontic bracket after acid-etched, Er: YAG laser-irradiated and combined treatment on enamel surface. Angle Orthod 2003; 73: 565-70
• 38 Uşümez S, Orhan M, Uşümez A. Laser etching of enamel for direct bonding with an Er, Cr: YSGG hydrokinetic laser system. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 122: 649-56
• 39 Ariyaratnam MT, Wilson MA, Mackie IC, Blinkhorn AS. A comparison of surface roughness and composite/enamel bond strength of human enamel following the application of the Nd: YAG laser and etching with phosphoric acid. Dent Mater 1997; 13: 51-5
• 40 Corpas-Pastor L, Villalba Moreno J, de Dios Lopez-Gonzalez GarridoJ, Pedraza Muriel V, Moore K, Elias A. Comparing the tensile strength of brackets adhered to laser-etched enamel vs. acid-etched enamel. J Am Dent Assoc 1997; 128: 732-7
• 41 Drummond JL, Wigdor HA, Walsh Jr JT, Fadavi S, Punwani I. Sealant bond strengths of CO (2) laser-etched versus acid-etched bovine enamel. Lasers Surg Med 2000; 27: 111-8
• 42 von Fraunhofer JA, Allen DJ, Orbell GM. Laser etching of enamel for direct bonding. Angle Orthod 1993; 63: 73-6
• 43 Ariyaratnam MT, Wilson MA, Blinkhorn AS. An analysis of surface roughness, surface morphology and composite/dentin bond strength of human dentin following the application of the Nd: YAG laser. Dent Mater 1999; 15: 223-8
• 44 Whitters CJ, Strang R. Preliminary investigation of a novel carbon dioxide laser for applications in dentistry. Lasers Surg Med 2000; 26: 262-9
• 45 Basaran G, Ozer T, Berk N, Hamamci O. Etching enamel for orthodontics with an erbium, chromium: Yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser system. Angle Orthod 2007; 77: 117-23
• 46 Ozer T, Başaran G, Berk N. Laser etching of enamel for orthodontic bonding. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 134: 193-7
• 47 Berk N, Başaran G, Ozer T. Comparison of sandblasting, laser irradiation, and conventional acid etching for orthodontic bonding of molar tubes. Eur J Orthod 2008; 30: 183-9
• 48 Anderson AM, Kao E, Gladwin M, Benli O, Ngan P. The effects of argon laser irradiation on enamel decalcification: An in vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 122: 251-9
• 49 Sognnaes RF, Stern RH. Dental laboratories accredited for 1965 by southern california state dental association. J South Calif Dent Assoc 1965; 33: 396-403
• 50 Blankenau RJ, Powell G, Ellis RW, Westerman GH. In vivo caries-like lesion prevention with argon laser: Pilot study. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1999; 17: 241-3
• 51 Oho T, Morioka T. A possible mechanism of acquired acid resistance of human dental enamel by laser irradiation. Caries Res 1990; 24: 86-92
• 52 Noel L, Rebellato J, Sheats RD. The effect of argon laser irradiation on demineralization resistance of human enamel adjacent to orthodontic brackets: An in vitro study. Angle Orthod 2003; 73: 249-58
• 53 Kim JH, Kwon OW, Kim HI, Kwon YH. Acid resistance of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser-treated and phosphoric acid-etched enamels. Angle Orthod 2006; 76: 1052-6
• 54 Flaitz CM, Hicks MJ, Westerman GH, Berg JH, Blankenau RJ, Powell GL. Argon laser irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride treatment in caries-like lesion formation in enamel: An in vitro study. Pediatr Dent 1995; 17: 31-5
• 55 Hicks MJ, Flaitz CM, Westerman GH, Berg JH, Blankenau RL, Powell GL. Caries-like lesion initiation and progression in sound enamel following argon laser irradiation: An in vitro study. ASDC J Dent Child 1993; 60: 201-6
• 56 Hicks MJ, Flaitz CM, Westerman GH, Blankenau RJ, Powell GL, Berg JH. Enamel caries initiation and progression following low fluence (energy) argon laser and fluoride treatment. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1995; 20: 9-13
• 57 Goodman BD, Kaufman HW. Effects of an argon laser on the crystalline properties and rate of dissolution in acid of tooth enamel in the presence of sodium fluoride. J Dent Res 1977; 56: 1201-7
• 58 Hayakawa K. Nd: YAG laser for debonding ceramic orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 128: 638-47
• 59 Feldon PJ, Murray PE, Burch JG, Meister M, Freedman MA. Diode laser debonding of ceramic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 138: 458-62
• 60 Tocchio RM, Williams PT, Mayer FJ, Standing KG. Laser debonding of ceramic orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1993; 103: 155-62
• 61 Strobl K, Bahns TL, Willham L, Bishara SE, Stwalley WC. Laser-aided debonding of orthodontic ceramic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1992; 101: 152-8
• 62 Rickabaugh JL, Marangoni RD, McCaffrey KK. Ceramic bracket debonding with the carbon dioxide laser. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996; 110: 388-93
• 63 Azzeh E, Feldon PJ. Laser debonding of ceramic brackets: A comprehensive review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 123: 79-83
• 64 Oztoprak MO, Nalbantgil D, Erdem AS, Tozlu M, Arun T. Debonding of ceramic brackets by a new scanning laser method. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 138: 195-200
• 65 Sarver DM, Yanosky M. Principles of cosmetic dentistry in orthodontics: Part 3. Laser treatments for tooth eruption and soft tissue problems. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127: 262-4
• 66 Sarver DM, Yanosky M. Principles of cosmetic dentistry in orthodontics: Part 2. Soft tissue laser technology and cosmetic gingival contouring. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127: 85-90
• 67 Miserendino LJ, Pick RM, Blankenau RJ. Laser safety in dental practice. In: Miserendino LJ, Pick RM. editors. Lasers in Dentistry. Singapore: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc; 1995: p. 85-103