Subscribe to RSS

DOI: 10.4103/0976-3147.165392
An estimation of the prevalence of intellectual disabilities and its association with age in rural and urban populations in India
Publication History
Publication Date:
26 September 2019 (online)

ABSTRACT
Background: Intellectual disability (ID) is a global public health concern. Prevalence of ID and its association with age and other demographic factors is required for planning purposes in India. Objective: This study analyzed the age-adjusted prevalence of ID in rural and urban populations and its correlation with age in children and adults. Materials and Methods: Disability data published in the report (2002) of National Sample Survey Organization were analyzed, using Z-test to measure differences in age-adjusted prevalence. Spearman rho was calculated to determine strength and direction of the association, and regression analysis was used to predict prevalence rate, based on age in rural and urban population settings. Results: Overall, India has a prevalence of 10.5/1000 in ID. Urban population has slightly higher rate (11/1000) than rural (10.08/1000; P = 0.044). Age was found to be highly correlated with prevalence of ID in rural children (ϱ =0.981, P = 0.019) as well as in children (ϱ = −0.954, P = 0.000) and adults (ϱ = −0.957, P = 0.000) in urban population. The possibility of confounding or the existence of covariates for children in urban settings was noted. Conclusion: Results of this study match findings in other epidemiological studies. However, multistage, large-scale studies are recommended for investigating prevalence rates with different severity levels of ID.
-
References
- 1 United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The Situation of Children in India. A Profile. 2011 Available from: http://www.unicef.org/india/The_Situation_of_Children_in_India_-__A_profile_20110630_.pdf [Last cited on 2015 Mar 09]
- 2 Maulik PK, Harbour CK. Epidemiology of intellectual disability. International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation. Buffalo: Center for International Rehabilitation Research Information and Exchange; 2010. p 1-12 Available from: http://www.cirrie.buffalo.edu/encyclopedia/en/article/144/ [Last cited on 2015 Mar 09]
- 3 Durkin M. The epidemiology of developmental disabilities in low-income countries. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2002; 8: 206-11
- 4 Kumar SG, Das A, Bhandary PV, Soans SJ, Harsha Kumar HN, Kotian MS. Prevalence and pattern of mental disability using Indian disability evaluation assessment scale in a rural community of Karnataka. Indian J Psychiatry 2008; 50: 21-3
- 5 Srinath S, Girimaji SR. Epidemiology of child and adolescent mental health problems and mental retardation. NIMHANS J 1999; 17: 355-66
- 6 Belmont L. Science and Technology in Mental Retardation. Screening for severely mental retardation in developing countries. The international pilot study on severe childhood disability. London: Metheun; 1986. p 389-95 [Eric number: ED280234]
- 7 Mehta P, Joseph A, Verghese A. An epidemiologic study of psychiatric disorders in a rural area in Tamilnadu. Indian J Psychiatry 1985; 27: 153-8
- 8 Narayanan HS. A study of the prevalence of mental retardation in Southern India. Int J Ment Health 1981; 10: 28-36
- 9 Nandi DN, Ajmany S, Ganguli H, Banerjee G, Boral GC, Ghosh A. et al. Psychiatric disorders in a rural community in West Bengal: An epidemiological study. Indian J Psychiatry 1975; 17: 87-99
- 10 Girimaji SC, Srinath S. Perspectives of intellectual disability in India: Epidemiology, policy, services for children and adults. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2010; 23: 441-6
- 11 Lakhan R, Ekúndayò OT. Application of the ecological framework in depression: An approach whose time has come. AP J Psychol Med 2013; 14: 103-9
- 12 Lakhan R, Ekúndayò OT. National Sample Survey Organization survey report: An estimation of prevalence of mental illness and its association with age in India. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2015; 06: 51-4
- 13 Maulik PK, Darmstadt GL. Childhood disability in low-and middle-income countries: Overview of screening, prevention, services, legislation, and epidemiology. Pediatrics 2007; 120 Suppl (Suppl. 01) S1-55
- 14 Kumar SG, Das A. Are the disability data in India appropriate?. Natl Med J India 2009; 22: 278
- 15 Pratap S. Developing Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Workforce for Low- and Middle Income Countries. J Indian Assoc Child Adolesc Ment Health 2008; 4: 1-4
- 16 Edwardraj S, Mumtaj K, Prasad JH, Kuruvilla A, Jacob KS. Perceptions about intellectual disability: A qualitative study from Vellore, South India. J Intellect Disabil Res 2010; 54: 736-48
- 17 Durkin MS, Khan NZ, Davidson LL, Huq S, Munir S, Rasul E. et al. Prenatal and postnatal risk factors for mental retardation among children in Bangladesh. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 1024-33
- 18 Savitz DA, Arbuckle T, Kaczor D, Curtis KM. Male pesticide exposure and pregnancy outcome. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146: 1025-36
- 19 Emerson E. Poverty and people with intellectual disabilities. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2007; 13: 107-13
- 20 Winkelstein Jr W. Determinants of worldwide health. Am J Public Health 1992; 82: 931-2
- 21 National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Government of India. Disabled Persons in India, NSS 58th Round (July-December 2002) Report No. 485 (58/26/1). New Delhi: 2003 December Available from: http://www.domain-b.com/economy/general/2005/pdf/Disability_in_India.pdf [Last cited on 2014 May 03]
- 22 Kumar SG, Roy G, Kar SS. Disability and rehabilitation services in India: Issues and challenges. J Family Med Prim Care 2012; 1: 69-73
- 23 Chavan BS, Rozatkar AR. Intellectual disability in India: Charity to right based. Indian J Psychiatry 2014; 56: 113-6
- 24 Ali A, Strydom A, Hassiotis A, Williams R, King M. A measure of perceived stigma in people with intellectual disability. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 193: 410-5
- 25 Jain S, Chowdhury V, Juneja M, Kabra M, Pandey S, Singh A. et al. Intellectual disability in Indian children: Experience with a stratified approach for etiological diagnosis. Indian Pediatr 2013; 50: 1125-30
- 26 Srinath S, Girimaji SC, Gururaj G, Seshadri S, Subbakrishna DK, Bhola P. et al. Epidemiological study of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in urban and rural areas of Bangalore, India. Indian J Med Res 2005; 122: 67-79
- 27 Jauhari P, Boggula R, Bhave A, Bhargava R, Singh C, Kohli N. et al. Aetiology of intellectual disability in paediatric outpatients in Northern India. Dev Med Child Neurol 2011; 53: 167-72
- 28 Persha A, Arya S, Nagar RK, Verma RK. Biological and psychosocial predictors of developmental delay in persons with intellectual disability: Retrospective case-file study. Asia Pac Disabil Rehabil J 2007; 18: 93-100
- 29 Koul R, Al-Yahmedy M, Al-Futaisi A. Evaluation children with global developmental delay: A prospective study at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman. Oman Med J 2012; 27: 310-3
- 30 O'Dell R, Leafman J, Nehrenz GM Sr, Bustillos D. Health care decision making and adults with intellectual disability: A descriptive survey. AJOB Prim Res 2012; 3: 8-13
- 31 Bertelli M, Scuticchio D, Ferrandi A, Lassi S, Mango F, Ciavatta C. et al. Reliability and validity of the SPAID-G checklist for detecting psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Res Dev Disabil 2012; 33: 382-90
- 32 Maw A. Paediatric neurology-history and examination. Adv Clin Neurosci Rehabil 2009; 9: 34-6 Available from: http://www.acnr.co.uk/ND09/ACNRND09_Paediatric.pdf [Last accessed on 2015 Apr 22]
- 33 Bear MF, Huber KM, Warren ST. The mGluR theory of fragile X mental retardation. Trends Neurosci 2004; 27: 370-7
- 34 Turnock BJ. Public Health What It Is and How It Works. 5th ed. Burlington (MA): Jones and Bartlett Learning; 2012
- 35 Cooper SA, Melville C, Morrison J. People with intellectual disabilities: Their health needs differ and need to be recognised and met. Br Med J 2004; 329: 414-5
- 36 Decouflé P, Autry A. Increased mortality in children and adolescents with developmental disabilities. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2002; 16: 375-82
- 37 Kapell D, Nightingale B, Rodriguez A, Lee JH, Zigman WB, Schupf N. Prevalence of chronic medical conditions in adults with mental retardation: Comparison with the general population. Ment Retard 1998; 36: 269-79
- 38 Wilson DN, Haire A. Health care screening for people with mental handicap living in the community. BMJ 1990; 301: 1379-81
- 39 Beange H, McElduff A, Baker W. Medical disorders of adults with mental retardation: A population study. Am J Ment Retard 1995; 99: 595-604
- 40 Katz RT. Are children with cerebral palsy and developmental disability living longer?. J Dev Phys Disabil 2009; 21: 409-24
- 41 Patja K, Mölsä P, Iivanainen M. Cause-specific mortality of people with intellectual disability in a population-based, 35-year follow-up study. J Intellect Disabil Res 2001; 45 Pt (Suppl. 01) 30-40
- 42 Eyman RK, Grossman HJ, Chaney RH, Call TL. The life expectancy of profoundly handicapped people with mental retardation. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 584-9
- 43 Patja K, Iivanainen M, Vesala H, Oksanen H, Ruoppila I. Life expectancy of people with intellectual disability: A 35-year follow-up study. J Intellect Disabil Res 2000; 44 Pt (Suppl. 05) 591-9
- 44 Gustavson KH, Umb-Carlsson O, Sonnander K. A follow-up study of mortality, health conditions and associated disabilities of people with intellectual disabilities in a Swedish county. J Intellect Disabil Res 2005; 49: 905-14
- 45 Patel SK. An empirical study of causes of disability in India. Internet J Epidemiol 2009; 06: 4-5
- 46 Bittles AH, Petterson BA, Sullivan SG, Hussain R, Glasson EJ, Montgomery PD. The influence of intellectual disability on life expectancy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002; 57: M470-2
- 47 Carvill S. Sensory impairments, intellectual disability and psychiatry. J Intellect Disabil Res 2001; 45: 467-83
- 48 Owens PL, Kerker BD, Zigler E, Horwitz SM. Vision and oral health needs of individuals with intellectual disability. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2006; 12: 28-40
- 49 Emerson E. Commentary: Childhood exposure to environmental adversity and the well-being of people with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res 2013; 57: 589-600
- 50 Emerson E, Brigham P. Exposure of children with developmental delay to social determinants of poor health: Cross-sectional case record review study. Child Care Health Dev 2015; 41: 249-57
- 51 Jansen SL, van der Putten AA, Vlaskamp C. What parents find important in the support of a child with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Child Care Health Dev 2013; 39: 432-41
- 52 McCauley D, Gorter JW, Russell DJ, Rosenbaum P, Law M, Kertoy M. Assessment of environmental factors in disabled children 2-12 years: Development and reliability of the Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors (CHIEF) for Children-Parent Version. Child Care Health Dev 2013; 39: 337-44
- 53 Cooper V, Emerson E, Glover G, Gore N, Hassiotis A, Hastings R. et al. Early intervention for children with learning disabilities whose behaviours challenge. The Challenging Behaviour Foundation; Briefing Paper 2014. November
- 54 Katz G, Lazcano-Ponce E. Intellectual disability: Definition, etiological factors, classification, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Salud Publica Mex 2008; 50 Suppl (Suppl. 02) s132-41
- 55 Oeseburg B, Dijkstra GJ, Groothoff JW, Reijneveld SA, Jansen DE. Prevalence of chronic health conditions in children with intellectual disability: A systematic literature review. Intellect Dev Disabil 2011; 49: 59-85
- 56 Maulik PK, Mascarenhas MN, Mathers CD, Dua T, Saxena S. Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. Res Dev Disabil 2011; 32: 419-36
- 57 Lai DC, Tseng YC, Hou YM, Guo HR. Gender and geographic differences in the prevalence of intellectual disability in children: Analysis of data from the national disability registry of Taiwan. Res Dev Disabil 2012; 33: 2301-7