CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · J Lab Physicians 2013; 5(01): 05-10
DOI: 10.4103/0974-2727.115898
Review Article

Multidrug Resistance in Bacteria: A Serious Patient Safety Challenge for India

Purva Mathur
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, New Delhi, India
,
Sarman Singh
Department of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
› Author Affiliations
Source of Support: Nil

ABSTRACT

Patient safety is an important issue affecting the delivery of health care in developed, transitional and developing countries. With the advancements in patient care, hitherto unknown issues relating to patient safety are emerging. An important problem endangering patient safety is infections acquired in the health care facilities. Health care associated infections (HCAIs) are no longer a local or regional problem. With the dissemination of multi-drug resistant bacteria across the globe, the problem of HCAIs has become even grimmer. The emergence of pan-resistant bacterial strains, compounded by lack of availability of new antimicrobials foretells a grave future for management of infections acquired in hospitals. Therefore, it is important to frame local policies and measures and take affirmative actions for prevention of HCAIs and reduce the burden of multi drug resistance.



Publication History

Article published online:
07 April 2020

© 2013.

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd.
A-12, Second Floor, Sector -2, NOIDA -201301, India

 
  • REFERENCES

  • 1 Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Storr J, Donaldson L. Clean Care is Safer Care: The global patient safety challenge 2005-2006. Int J Infect Dis 2006;10:419-24.
  • 2 Pitet D, Donaldson L. Clean Care is safer Care: The first global challenge of the WHO World Alliance for Patient Safety. Am J Infect Control 2005;33:476-9.
  • 3 Wilson RM, Runciman WB, Gibbert RW, Harrison BT, Newby L, Hamilton JD. The quality in Australian Health Care study. Med J Aust 1995;163:458-71.
  • 4 Schioler T, Lipezak H, Pedersen BL, Mogensen TS, Bech KB, Stockmarr A, et al. Danish Adverse Event Study. Incidence of adverse events in hospitals. A retrospective study of medical records. Ugeskr Laeger 2001;163:5370-8.
  • 5 Pitet D, Donaldson L. Challenging the world: Patient safety and health care associated infection. Int J Qual Health Care 2006;18:4-8.
  • 6 World Alliance for patient safety global patient safety challenge 2005-2006: Clean care is safer care. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005. Available from: http://www.who.int/patientsafety/events/05/gpsc_Launch_ENGLISH_FINAL.pdf [Last accessed on 2013 May 3].
  • 7 Patient safety. Available from: http://www.who.int/patientsafety/about/en/index.html [Last accessed on 2013 May 3].
  • 8 World Alliance for patient Safety Forward programme 2005. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/patientsafety/en/brochure_final.pdf [Last accessed on 2012 Aug 12].
  • 9 Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L. The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in health care settings, 2006. Am J Infect Control 2007;35:S165-93.
  • 10 Slama TG. Gram-negative antibiotic resistance: There is a price to pay. Crit Care 2008;12(Suppl 4):S4.
  • 11 Falagas ME, Bliziotis IA. Pan drug resistant gram negative bacteria: The dawn of the post-antibiotic era? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007;29:630-6.
  • 12 Haddadin AS, Fappiano SA, Lipsett PA. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the intensive care unit. Postgrad Med J 2002;78:385-92.
  • 13 Nicolle LE. Infection control programmes to contain antimicrobial resistance. WHO/CDS/CSR/DRS/2001.7.
  • 14 Croft AC, D'Antoni AV, Terzulli SL. Update on the antibacterial resistance crisis. Med Sci Monit 2007;13:RA103-18.
  • 15 Lowy FD. Antimicrobial resistance: The example of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Invest 2003;111:1265-73.
  • 16 Cohen ML. Epidemiology of drug resistance: Implications for a post-antimicrobial era. Science 1992;257:1050-5.
  • 17 Tomasz A. Multiple-antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria. A report on the Rockefeller University Workshop. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1247-51.
  • 18 Swartz MN. Use of antimicrobial agents and drug resistance. N Engl J Med 1997;337:491-2.
  • 19 Shales DM, Gerding BN, John JF Jr, Craig WA, Bornstein DL, Duncan RA, et al. Society for healthcare epidemiology of America and infections. Diseases society of America joint Committee on the prevention of antimicrobial Resistance: Guidelines for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18:275-91.
  • 20 Mathur P, Kapil A, Das B, Dhawan B. Prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Gram negative bacteria in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Med Res 2002;115:153-7.
  • 21 Babypadmini S, Appalaraju B. Extended spectrum beta lactamases in urinary isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae-prevalence and susceptibility pattern in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Med Microbiol 2004;22:172-4.
  • 22 Tankhiwale SS, Jalgaonkar SV, Ahamad S, Hassani U. Evaluation of extended spectrum beta lactamase in urinary isolates. Indian J Med Res 2004;120:553-6.
  • 23 Vinodkumar CS, Neelagund YF. Emergence of extended spectrum beta lactamase mediated resistance in neonatal septicemia. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2006;49:616-9.
  • 24 Jain A, Roy I, Gupta MK, Kumar M, Agarwal SK. Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Gram negative bacteria in septicaemic neonates in a tertiary care hospital. J Med Microbiol 2003;52:421-5.
  • 25 Hemlatha V, Sekar U, Kamat V. Detection of metallobetalactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitalized patients. Indian J Med Res 2005;122:148-52.
  • 26 Jones RN, Rhomberg PR, Varnam DJ, Mathai D. A comparison of the antimicrobial activity of meropenem and selected broad-spectrum antimicrobials tested against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli including bacteraemic Salmonella spp.: Initial studies for the MYSTIC program in India. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002;20:426-31.
  • 27 Grover SS, Sharma M, Chattopadhya D, Kapoor H, Pasha ST, Singh G. Phenotypic and genotypic detection of ESBL mediated cephalosporin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae: Emergence of high resistance against cefepime, the fourth generation cephalosporin. J Infect 2006;53:279-88.
  • 28 Sabharwal ER. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of uropathogens in obstetric patients. N Am J Med Sci 2012;4:316-9.
  • 29 Pathak A, Chandran SP, Mahadik K, Macaden R, Lundborg CS. Frequency and factors associated with carriage of multi-drug resistant commensal Escherichia coli among women attending antenatal clinics in Central India. BMC Infect Dis 2013;13:199.
  • 30 Indian Network for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (INSAR) group, India. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in India: Prevalence and susceptibility pattern. Indian J Med Res 2013;137:363-9.
  • 31 Fernandes SC, Dhanashree B. Drug resistance and virulence determinants in clinical isolates of Enterococcus species. Indian J Med Res 2013;137:981-5.
  • 32 Patient Safety Challenge. Available from: http://www.who.int/patientsafety/challenge/en [Last accessed on 2013 May 3].
  • 33 Allegranzi B, Storr J, Dziekan G, Leotsakos A, Donaldson L, Pittet D. The first global patient safety challenge "clean care is safer care": From launch to current progress and achievements. J Hosp Infect 2007;65:115-23.
  • 34 Pittet D, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S, Mourouga P, Sauvan V, Touveneau S, et al. Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene. Infection Control Programme. Lancet 2000;356:1307-12.
  • 35 Allegranzi B, Sax H, Bengaly L, Richet H, Minta DK, Chraiti MN, et al. World Health Organization "Point G" Project Management Committee. Successful implementation of the World Health Organization H and Hygiene improvement strategy in a referral hospital in Mali, Africa. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:133-41.
  • 36 Sax H, Allegranzi B, Uckay I, Larson E, Boyce J, Pittet D. 'My five moments for hand hygiene': A user centered design approach to understand, train, monitor and report hand hygiene. J Hosp Infect 2007;67:9-21.
  • 37 Available from: http://www.cgdev.org/content/article/detail/14 [Last accessed on 2013 May 3].
  • 38 Clean hands net. Available from: http://www.who.int/gpsc/national_campaign/ [Last accessed on 2013 May 3].