CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Indian J Radiol Imaging 2015; 25(03): 246-260
DOI: 10.4103/0971-3026.161445
Musculoskeletal Radiology

Perspectives in ultrasound-guided musculoskeletal interventions

Aditya Ravindra Daftary
Department of InnoVision Imaging, Section of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Sportsmed Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
,
Alpana Sudhir Karnik
Department of InnoVision Imaging, Section of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Sportsmed Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
› Author Affiliations
Financial support and sponsorship Nil.

Abstract

Ultrasonography (USG) is a safe, easily available, and cost-effective modality, which has the additional advantage of being real time for imaging and image-guided interventions of the musculoskeletal system. Musculoskeletal interventions are gaining popularity in sports and rehabilitation for rapid healing of muscle and tendon injuries in professional athletes, healing of chronic tendinopathies, aspiration of joint effusions, periarticular bursae and ganglia, and perineural injections in acute and chronic pain syndromes. This article aims to provide an overview of the spectrum of musculoskeletal interventions that can be done under USG guidance both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.



Publication History

Article published online:
30 July 2021

© 2015. Indian Radiological Association. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd.
A-12, Second Floor, Sector -2, NOIDA -201301, India

 
  • References

  • 1 Louis LJ. Musculoskeletal ultrasound intervention: Principles and advances. Radiol Clin North Am 2008;46:515-33, vi.
  • 2 Stephens MB, Beutler AI, O′Connor FG. Musculoskeletal injections: A review of the evidence. Am Fam Physician 2008;78:971-6.
  • 3 Casati A, Vinciguerra F, Scarioni M, Cappelleri G, Aldegheri G, Manzoni P, et al. Lidocaine versus ropivacaine for continuous interscalene brachial plexus block after open shoulder surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003;47:355-60.
  • 4 Scott DB, Lee A, Fagan D, Bowler GM, Bloomfield P, Lundh R. Acute toxicity of ropivacaine compared with that of bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1989;69:563-9.
  • 5 Glaser C, Marhofer P, Zimpfer G, Heinz MT, Sitzwohl C, Kapral S, et al. Levobupivacaine versus racemic bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2002;94:194-8.
  • 6 Wittich CM, Ficalora RD, Mason TG, Beckman TJ. Musculoskeletal injection. Mayo Clin Proc 2009;84:831-7.
  • 7 Liguori GA, Chimento GF, Borow L, Figgie M. Possible bupivacaine toxicity after intraarticular injection for postarthroscopic analgesia of the knee: Implications of the surgical procedure. Anesth Analg 2002;94:1010-3.
  • 8 Dragoo JL, Korotkova T, Kanwar R, Wood B. The effect of local anesthetics administered via pain pump on chondrocyte viability. Am J Sports Med 2008;36:1484-8.
  • 9 Syed HM, Green L, Bianski B, Jobe CM, Wongworawat MD. Bupivacaine and triamcinolone may be toxic to human chondrocytes: A pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011;469:2941-7.
  • 10 Webb ST, Ghosh S. Intra-articular bupivacaine: Potentially chondrotoxic? Br J Anaesth 2009;102:439-41.
  • 11 Gurun MS, Leinbach R, Moore L, Lee CS, Owen MD, Eisenach JC. Studies on the safety of glucose and paraben-containing neostigmine for intrathecal administration. Anesth Analg 1997;85:317-23.
  • 12 McCarty DJ Jr, Hogan JM. Inflammatory reaction after intrasynovial injection of microcrystalline adrenocorticosteroid esters. Arthritis Rheum 1964;7:359-67.
  • 13 Clark SC, Jones MW, Choudhury RR, Smith E. Bilateral patellar tendon rupture secondary to repeated local steroid injections. J Accid Emerg Med 1995;12:300-1.
  • 14 Ford LT, DeBender J. Tendon rupture after local steroid injection. South Med J 1979;72:827-30.
  • 15 Jones JG. Achilles tendon rupture following steroid injection. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985;67:170.
  • 16 Kleinman M, Gross AE. Achilles tendon rupture following steroid injection. Report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1983;65:1345-7.
  • 17 Cigna E, Özkan Ö, Mardini S, Chiang PT, Yang CH, Chen HC. Late spontaneous rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon after corticosteroid injection for flexor tenosynovitis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013;17:845-8.
  • 18 Bickel KD. Flexor pollicis longus tendon rupture after corticosteroid injection. J Hand Surg Am 1996;21:152-3.
  • 19 Unverferth LJ, Olix ML. The effect of local steroid injections on tendon. J Sports Med 1973;1:31-7.
  • 20 Lemont H, Hetman J. Cutaneous foot depigmentation following an intra-articular steroid injection. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1991;81:606-7.
  • 21 Reddy PD, Zelicof SB, Ruotolo C, Holder J. Interdigital neuroma. Local cutaneous changes after corticosteroid injection. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995:185-7.
  • 22 Haslock I, MacFarlane D, Speed C. Intra-articular and soft tissue injections: A survey of current practice. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34:449-52.
  • 23 Centeno LM, Moore ME. Preferred intraarticular corticosteroids and associated practice: A survey of members of the American college of rheumatology. Arthritis Care Res 1994;7:151-5.
  • 24 Beardwell A. Subcutaneous atrophy after local corticosteroid injection. Br Med J 1967;3:600.
  • 25 Cassidy JT, Bole GG. Cutaneous atrophy secondary to intra-articular corticosteroid administration. Ann Intern Med 1966;65:1008-18.
  • 26 Jacobs MB. Local subcutaneous atrophy after corticosteroid injection. Postgrad Med 1986;80:159-60.
  • 27 Park SK, Choi YS, Kim HJ. Hypopigmentation and subcutaneous fat, muscle atrophy after local corticosteroid injection. Korean J Anesthesiol 2013;65 Suppl 6:S59-61.
  • 28 Rimbaud P, Meynadier J, Guilhou JJ, Meynadier J. Local dermatological complications secondary to corticosteroid injections. Nouv Presse Med 1974;3:665-8.
  • 29 Di Stefano V, Nixon JE. Skin and fat atrophy complications of local steroid injection. Pa Med 1974;77:38.
  • 30 Hameed F, Ihm J. Injectable medications for osteoarthritis. PM R 2012;4 Suppl 5:S75-81.
  • 31 Connell DA, Ali KE, Ahmad M, Lambert S, Corbett S, Curtis M. Ultrasound-guided autologous blood injection for tennis elbow. Skeletal Radiol 2006;35:371-7.
  • 32 Edwards SG, Calandruccio JH. Autologous blood injections for refractory lateral epicondylitis. J Hand Surg Am 2003;28:272-8.
  • 33 Longo UG, Franceschetti E, Rizzello G, Petrillo S, Denaro V. Elbow tendinopathy. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2012;2:115-20.
  • 34 Rha DW, Park GY, Kim YK, Kim MT, Lee SC. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma injection and dry needling in rotator cuff disease: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2013;27:113-22.
  • 35 Muto T, Kokubu T, Mifune Y, Sakata R, Nagura I, Nishimoto H, et al. Platelet-rich plasma protects rotator cuff-derived cells from the deleterious effects of triamcinolone acetonide. J Orthop Res 2013;31:976-82.
  • 36 Mei-Dan O, Carmont MR. The role of platelet-rich plasma in rotator cuff repair. Sports Med Arthrosc 2011;19:244-50.
  • 37 Schwarz A. A Promising Treatment for Athletes, in Blood. New York Times Article; 2009. Epublished date February16 2009.
  • 38 Alsousou J, Thompson M, Hulley P, Noble A, Willett K. The biology of platelet-rich plasma and its application in trauma and orthopaedic surgery: A review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2009;91:987-96.
  • 39 Lubkowska A, Dolegowska B, Banfi G. Growth factor content in PRP and their applicability in medicine. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2012;26(Suppl 1):3S-22S.
  • 40 Mishra A, Pavelko T. Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med 2006;34:1774-8.
  • 41 Ferrero G, Fabbro E, Orlandi D, Martini C, Lacelli F, Serafini G, et al. Ultrasound-guided injection of platelet-rich plasma in chronic Achilles and patellar tendinopathy. J Ultrasound 2012;15:260-6.
  • 42 Monto RR. Platelet rich plasma treatment for chronic Achilles tendinosis. Foot Ankle Int 2012;33:379-85.
  • 43 Parafioriti A, Armiraglio E, Del Bianco S, Tibalt E, Oliva F, Berardi AC. Single injection of platelet-rich plasma in a rat Achilles tendon tear model. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2011;1:41-7.
  • 44 Monto RR. Platelet-rich plasma efficacy versus corticosteroid injection treatment for chronic severe plantar fasciitis. Foot Ankle Int 2014;35:313-8.
  • 45 Ragab EM, Othman AM. Platelets rich plasma for treatment of chronic plantar fasciitis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2012;132:1065-70.
  • 46 Anitua E, Sanchez M, Nurden AT, Zalduendo M, de la Fuente M, Azofra J, et al. Reciprocal actions of platelet-secreted TGF-beta1 on the production of VEGF and HGF by human tendon cells. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;119:950-9.
  • 47 Kaux JF, Crielaard JM. Platelet-rich plasma application in the management of chronic tendinopathies. Acta Orthop Belg 2013;79:10-5.
  • 48 Hamid MS, Yusof A, Mohamed Ali MR. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for acute muscle injury: A systematic review. PloS One 2014;9:e90538.
  • 49 Moraes VY, Lenza M, Tamaoki MJ, Faloppa F, Belloti JC. Platelet-rich therapies for musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;12:CD010071.
  • 50 Bubnov R, Yevseenko V, Semeniv I. Ultrasound guided injections of platelets rich plasma for muscle injury in professional athletes. Comparative study. Med Ultrason 2013;15:101-5.
  • 51 Zhao Y, Zhai W. Histological observation of tendon-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by platelet-rich plasma combined with deproteinized bone of calf. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2010;24:1323-9.
  • 52 Chen L, Yang X, Huang G, Song D, Ye XS, Xu H, et al. Platelet-rich plasma promotes healing of osteoporotic fractures. Orthopedics 2013;36:e687-94.
  • 53 Camargo PM, Lekovic V, Weinlaender M, Vasilic N, Madzarevic M, Kenney EB. Platelet-rich plasma and bovine porous bone mineral combined with guided tissue regeneration in the treatment of intrabony defects in humans. J Periodontal Res 2002;37:300-6.
  • 54 Mautner K, Colberg RE, Malanga G, Borg-Stein JP, Harmon KG, Dharamsi AS, et al. Outcomes after ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma injections for chronic tendinopathy: A multicenter, retrospective review. PM R 2013;5:169-75.
  • 55 Banks AR. A Rationale for Prolotherapy. Journal of Orthopaedic Medicine 1991;13:54-9.
  • 56 Rabago D, Yelland M, Patterson J, Zgierska A. Prolotherapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain. Am Fam Physician 2011;84:1208-10.
  • 57 Distel LM, Best TM. Prolotherapy: A clinical review of its role in treating chronic musculoskeletal pain. PM R 2011;3(Suppl 1):S78-81.
  • 58 Dagenais S, Yelland MJ, Del Mar C, Schoene ML. Prolotherapy injections for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD004059.
  • 59 Kim E, Lee JH. Autologous platelet-rich plasma versus dextrose prolotherapy for the treatment of chronic recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. PM R 2014;6:152-8.
  • 60 Scarpone M, Rabago DP, Zgierska A, Arbogast G, Snell E. The efficacy of prolotherapy for lateral epicondylosis: A pilot study. Clin J Sport Med 2008;18:248-54.
  • 61 Yelland MJ, Sweeting KR, Lyftogt JA, Ng SK, Scuffham PA, Evans KA. Prolotherapy injections and eccentric loading exercises for painful Achilles tendinosis: A randomised trial. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:421-8.
  • 62 Rabago D, Patterson JJ, Mundt M, Kijowski R, Grettie J, Segal NA, et al. Dextrose prolotherapy for knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Fam Med 2013;11:229-37.
  • 63 Rabago D, Patterson JJ, Mundt M, Zgierska A, Fortney L, Grettie J, et al. Dextrose and morrhuate sodium injections (prolotherapy) for knee osteoarthritis: A prospective open-label trial. J Altern Complement Med 2014;20:383-91.
  • 64 Aldermann D. Prolotherapy for Musculoskeletal Pain. Practical Pain Management 2007. p. 10-5.
  • 65 Tehranzadeh J, Booya F, Root J. Cartilage metabolism in osteoarthritis and the influence of viscosupplementation and steroid: A review. Acta Radiol 2005;46:288-96.
  • 66 Hsu WK, Mishra A, Rodeo SR, Fu F, Terry MA, Randelli P, et al. Platelet-rich plasma in orthopaedic applications: Evidence-based recommendations for treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2013;21:739-48.
  • 67 Levine WN, Bergfeld JA, Tessendorf W, Moorman CT 3 rd . Intramuscular corticosteroid injection for hamstring injuries. A 13-year experience in the National Football League. Am J Sports Med 2000;28:297-300.
  • 68 Baron EP, Cherian N, Tepper SJ. Role of greater occipital nerve blocks and trigger point injections for patients with dizziness and headache. Neurologist 2011;17:312-7.
  • 69 Sarrafzadeh J, Ahmadi A, Yassin M. The effects of pressure release, phonophoresis of hydrocortisone, and ultrasound on upper trapezius latent myofascial trigger point. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012;93:72-7.
  • 70 Cotchett MP, Landorf KB, Munteanu SE. Effectiveness of dry needling and injections of myofascial trigger points associated with plantar heel pain: A systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res 2010;3:18.
  • 71 Venâncio Rde A, Alencar FG, Zamperini C. Different substances and dry-needling injections in patients with myofascial pain and headaches. Cranio 2008;26:96-103.
  • 72 Langford CF, Udvari Nagy S, Ghoniem GM. Levator ani trigger point injections: An underutilized treatment for chronic pelvic pain. Neurourology and urodynamics 2007;26:59-62.
  • 73 Richie CA 3 rd , Briner WW Jr. Corticosteroid injection for treatment of de Quervain′s tenosynovitis: A pooled quantitative literature evaluation. J Am Board Fam Pract 2003;16:102-6.
  • 74 Wysocki RW, Biswas D, Bayne CO. Injection Therapy in the management of musculoskeletal injuries: Hand and wrist. Oper Tech Sports Med 2012;20:132-41.
  • 75 Dala-Ali BM, Nakhdjevani A, Lloyd MA, Schreuder FB. The efficacy of steroid injection in the treatment of trigger finger. Clin Orthop Surg 2012;4:263-8.
  • 76 Mehdizade A, Adler RS. Sonographically guided flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath injection. J Ultrasound Med 2007;26:233-7.
  • 77 Mellor SJ, Patel VR. Steroid injections are helpful in rotator cuff tendinopathy. BMJ 2002;324:51.
  • 78 Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F. Corticosteroid injections for painful shoulder: A meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pract 2005;55:224-8.
  • 79 Stahl S, Kaufman T. The efficacy of an injection of steroids for medial epicondylitis. A prospective study of sixty elbows. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997;79:1648-52.
  • 80 Price R, Sinclair H, Heinrich I, Gibson T. Local injection treatment of tennis elbow--hydrocortisone, triamcinolone and lignocaine compared. Br J Rheumatol 1991;30:39-44.
  • 81 Lundquist W, Stanford R. Targeting systemic inflammation in patients with obesity-related pain: One practice′s success with platelet-rich plasma therapy. J Fam Pract 2013;62(Suppl CHPP):S10-5.
  • 82 Carofino B, Chowaniec DM, McCarthy MB, Bradley JP, Delaronde S, Beitzel K, et al. Corticosteroids and local anesthetics decrease positive effects of platelet-rich plasma: An in vitro study on human tendon cells. Arthroscopy 2012;28:711-9.
  • 83 Scutt N, Rolf CG, Scutt A. Glucocorticoids inhibit tenocyte proliferation and tendon progenitor cell recruitment. J Orthop Res 2006;24:173-82.
  • 84 Scherb MB, Han SH, Courneya JP, Guyton GP, Schon LC. Effect of bupivacaine on cultured tenocytes. Orthopedics 2009;32:26.
  • 85 Hoksrud A, Torgalsen T, Harstad H, Haugen S, Andersen TE, Risberg MA, et al. Ultrasound-guided sclerosis of neovessels in patellar tendinopathy: A prospective study of 101 patients. Am J Sports Med 2012;40:542-7.
  • 86 Hoksrud A, Bahr R. Ultrasound-guided sclerosing treatment in patients with patellar tendinopathy (jumper′s knee). 44-month follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:2377-80.
  • 87 Alfredson H, Ohberg L. Sclerosing injections to areas of neo-vascularisation reduce pain in chronic Achilles tendinopathy: A double-blind randomised controlled trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2005;13:338-44.
  • 88 Ohberg L, Alfredson H. Sclerosing therapy in chronic Achilles tendon insertional pain-results of a pilot study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2003;11:339-43.
  • 89 Ohberg L, Alfredson H. Ultrasound guided sclerosis of neovessels in painful chronic Achilles tendinosis: Pilot study of a new treatment. Br J Sports Med 2002;36:173-7.
  • 90 Chiavaras MM, Jacobson JA. Ultrasound-guided tendon fenestration. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2013;17:85-90.
  • 91 Finnoff JT, Fowler SP, Lai JK, Santrach PJ, Willis EA, Sayeed YA, et al. Treatment of chronic tendinopathy with ultrasound-guided needle tenotomy and platelet-rich plasma injection. PM R 2011;3:900-11.
  • 92 McShane JM, Slaff S, Gold JE, Nazarian LN. Sonographically guided percutaneous needle release of the carpal tunnel for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: Preliminary report. J Ultrasound Med 2012;31:1341-9.
  • 93 Castagna A, Cesari E, Garofalo R, Gigante A, Conti M, Markopoulos N, et al. Matrix metalloproteases and their inhibitors are altered in torn rotator cuff tendons, but also in the macroscopically and histologically intact portion of those tendons. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2013;3:132-8. eCollection 2013.
  • 94 Davis ME, Gumucio JP, Sugg KB, Bedi A, Mendias CL. MMP inhibition as a potential method to augment the healing of skeletal muscle and tendon extracellular matrix. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013;115:884-91.
  • 95 Brown R, Orchard J, Kinchington M, Hooper A, Nalder G. Aprotinin in the management of Achilles tendinopathy: A randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2006;40:275-9.
  • 96 Speed CA, Hazleman BL. Calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1582-4.
  • 97 Rompe JD, Zoellner J, Nafe B. Shock wave therapy versus conventional surgery in the treatment of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001;72-82.
  • 98 Wang CJ, Ko JY, Chen HS. Treatment of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder with shock wave therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001;83-9.
  • 99 Wang CJ, Yang KD, Wang FS, Chen HH, Wang JW. Shock wave therapy for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder: A prospective clinical study with two-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2003;31:425-30.
  • 100 Loew M, Daecke W, Kusnierczak D, Rahmanzadeh M, Ewerbeck V. Shock-wave therapy is effective for chronic calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1999;81:863-7.
  • 101 del Cura JL, Torre I, Zabala R, Legórburu A. Sonographically guided percutaneous needle lavage in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder: Short- and long-term results. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;189:W128-34.
  • 102 Uhthoff HK, Loehr JW. Calcific tendinopathy of the rotator cuff: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1997;5:183-91.
  • 103 Yoshioka T, Kanamori A, Washio T, Aoto K, Uemura K, Sakane M, et al. The effects of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-Endoret) on healing of medial collateral ligament of the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013;21:1763-9.
  • 104 Akgün K, Birtane M, Akarirmak U. Is local subacromial corticosteroid injection beneficial in subacromial impingement syndrome? Clin Rheumatol 2004;23:496-500.
  • 105 Lustenberger DP, Ng VY, Best TM, Ellis TJ. Efficacy of treatment of trochanteric bursitis: A systematic review. Clin J Sport Med 2011;21:447-53.
  • 106 Farmer KW, Jones LC, Brownson KE, Khanuja HS, Hungerford MW. Trochanteric bursitis after total hip arthroplasty: Incidence and evaluation of response to treatment. J Arthroplasty 2010;25:208-12.
  • 107 Brinks A, van Rijn RM, Bohnen AM, Slee GL, Verhaar JA, Koes BW, et al. Effect of corticosteroid injection for trochanter pain syndrome: Design of a randomised clinical trial in general practice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007;8:95.
  • 108 Jose J, Silverman E, Kaplan L. Symptomatic ganglion cyst of the popliteus tendon treated with ultrasound-guided aspiration and steroid injection: A case report. Sports Health 2011;3:393-5.
  • 109 Paul AS, Sochart DH. Improving the results of ganglion aspiration by the use of hyaluronidase. J Hand Surg Br 1997;22:219-21.
  • 110 Breidahl WH, Adler RS. Ultrasound-guided injection of ganglia with coricosteroids. Skeletal Radiol 1996;25:635-8.
  • 111 Nam D, Macaulay A, Cross M, Shindle MK, Warren RF. Posterior cruciate ligament resection for ganglion cyst and associated ligament degeneration. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 2011;40:E110-4.
  • 112 Sloane J, Gulati V, Penna S, Pastides P, Baghla DP. Large intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament ganglion cyst, presenting with inability to flex the knee. Case Rep Med 2010;2010:705919.
  • 113 Macmahon PJ, Brennan DD, Duke D, Forde S, Eustace SJ. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage of meniscal cysts: Preliminary clinical experience. Clin Radiol 2007;62:683-7.
  • 114 van Holsbeeck M, Introcaso JH. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography. Radiol Clin North Am 1992;30:907-25.
  • 115 Chhem RK, Kaplan PA, Dussault RG. Ultrasonography of the musculoskeletal system. Radiol Clin North Am 1994;32:275-89.
  • 116 Balint PV, Kane D, Hunter J, McInnes IB, Field M, Sturrock RD. Ultrasound guided versus conventional joint and soft tissue fluid aspiration in rheumatology practice: A pilot study. J Rheumatol 2002;29:2209-13.
  • 117 Raza K, Lee CY, Pilling D, Heaton S, Situnayake RD, Carruthers DM, et al. Ultrasound guidance allows accurate needle placement and aspiration from small joints in patients with early inflammatory arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42:976-9.
  • 118 Smith J, Hurdle MF, Weingarten TN. Accuracy of sonographically guided intra-articular injections in the native adult hip. J Ultrasound Med 2009;28:329-35.
  • 119 Sibbitt WL Jr, Peisajovich A, Michael AA, Park KS, Sibbitt RR, Band PA, et al. Does sonographic needle guidance affect the clinical outcome of intraarticular injections? J Rheumatol 2009;36:1892-902.
  • 120 Crawford RW, Gie GA, Ling RS, Murray DW. Diagnostic value of intra-articular anaesthetic in primary osteoarthritis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998;80:279-81.
  • 121 Khoury NJ, el-Khoury GY, Saltzman CL, Brandser EA. Intraarticular foot and ankle injections to identify source of pain before arthrodesis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;167:669-73.
  • 122 Raynauld JP, Buckland-Wright C, Ward R, Choquette D, Haraoui B, Martel-Pelletier J, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term intraarticular steroid injections in osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:370-7.
  • 123 Oh JH, Oh CH, Choi JA, Kim SH, Kim JH, Yoon JP. Comparison of glenohumeral and subacromial steroid injection in primary frozen shoulder: A prospective, randomized short-term comparison study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2011;20:1034-40.
  • 124 Wang JJ, Ho ST, Lee SC, Tang JJ, Liaw WJ. Intraarticular triamcinolone acetonide for pain control after arthroscopic knee surgery. Anesth Analg 1998;87:1113-6.
  • 125 Yablon CM. Ultrasound-guided interventions of the foot and ankle. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2013;17:60-8.
  • 126 Sofka CM, Adler RS. Ultrasound-guided interventions in the foot and ankle. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2002;6:163-8.
  • 127 Wen DY. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections for knee osteoarthritis. Am Fam Physician 2000;62:565-70, 72.
  • 128 George E. Intra-articular hyaluronan treatment for osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57:637-40.
  • 129 Mirzatolooei F, Alamdari MT, Khalkhali HR. The impact of platelet-rich plasma on the prevention of tunnel widening in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadrupled autologous hamstring tendon: A randomised clinical trial. Bone Joint J 2013;95-B: 65-9.
  • 130 Sampson S, Reed M, Silvers H, Meng M, Mandelbaum B. Injection of platelet-rich plasma in patients with primary and secondary knee osteoarthritis: A pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2010;89:961-9.
  • 131 Saito M, Takahashi KA, Arai Y, Inoue A, Sakao K, Tonomura H, et al. Intraarticular administration of platelet-rich plasma with biodegradable gelatin hydrogel microspheres prevents osteoarthritis progression in the rabbit knee. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009;27:201-7.
  • 132 Torrero JI, Aroles F, Ferrer D. Treatment of knee chondropathy with platelet rich plasma. Preliminary results at 6 months of follow-up with only one injection. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2012;26(Suppl 1):71S-8S.
  • 133 Stulc SM, Hurdle MF, Pingree MJ, Brault JS, Porter CA. Ultrasound-guided thoracic facet injections: Description of a technique. J Ultrasound Med 2011;30:357-62.
  • 134 Galiano K, Obwegeser AA, Bodner G, Freund M, Maurer H, Kamelger FS, et al. Ultrasound guidance for facet joint injections in the lumbar spine: A computed tomography-controlled feasibility study. Anesth Analg 2005;101:579-83.
  • 135 Harmon D, O′Sullivan M. Ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection technique. Pain Physician 2008;11:543-7.
  • 136 Zhu SJ, Choi BH, Jung JH, Lee SH, Huh JY, You TM, et al. A comparative histologic analysis of tissue-engineered bone using platelet-rich plasma and platelet-enriched fibrin glue. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;102:175-9.
  • 137 Mariano ER, Afra R, Loland VJ, Sandhu NS, Bellars RH, Bishop ML, et al. Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block via an ultrasound-guided posterior approach: A randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg 2009;108:1688-94.
  • 138 Heil JW, Ilfeld BM, Loland VJ, Mariano ER. Preliminary experience with a novel ultrasound-guided supraclavicular perineural catheter insertion technique for perioperative analgesia of the upper extremity. J Ultrasound Med 2010;29:1481-5.
  • 139 Oberndorfer U, Marhofer P, Bösenberg A, Willschke H, Felfernig M, Weintraud M, et al. Ultrasonographic guidance for sciatic and femoral nerve blocks in children. Br J Anaesth 2007;98:797-801.
  • 140 van Geffen GJ, Pirotte T, Gielen MJ, Scheffer G, Bruhn J. Ultrasound-guided proximal and distal sciatic nerve blocks in children. J Clin Anesth 2010;22:241-5.
  • 141 Christos SC, Chiampas G, Offman R, Rifenburg R. Ultrasound-guided three-in-one nerve block for femur fractures. West J Emerg Med 2010;11:310-3.
  • 142 Bennett GL, Graham CE, Mauldin DM. Morton′s interdigital neuroma: A comprehensive treatment protocol. Foot Ankle Int 1995;16:760-3.
  • 143 Gofeld M, Bristow SJ, Chiu SC, McQueen CK, Bollag L. Ultrasound-guided lumbar transforaminal injections: Feasibility and validation study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012;37:808-12.
  • 144 Markovic M, Crichton K, Read JW, Lam P, Slater HK. Effectiveness of ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection in the treatment of Morton′s neuroma. Foot Ankle Int 2008;29:483-7.
  • 145 Musson RE, Sawhney JS, Lamb L, Wilkinson A, Obaid H. Ultrasound guided alcohol ablation of Morton′s neuroma. Foot Ankle Int 2012;33:196-201.