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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2021; 79(06): 497-503
DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2020-0314
Article

Epidemiological and clinical aspects of Guillain-Barré syndrome and its variants

Aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos da síndrome de Guillain-Barré e suas variantes
Dayanne Rodrigues da Cunha Alves Bento Oliveira 
1   Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Instituto de Gestão Estratégica em Saúde do Distrito Federal, Departamento de Neurofisiologia Clínica, Brasília DF, Brazil.
,
Rubens Nelson Morato Fernandez 
1   Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Instituto de Gestão Estratégica em Saúde do Distrito Federal, Departamento de Neurofisiologia Clínica, Brasília DF, Brazil.
,
Talyta Cortez Grippe 
1   Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Instituto de Gestão Estratégica em Saúde do Distrito Federal, Departamento de Neurofisiologia Clínica, Brasília DF, Brazil.
2   Centro Universitário de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Brasília DF, Brazil.
,
Fabiano Silva Baião 
3   Hospital da Força Aérea de Brasília, Brasília DF, Brazil.
,
Rafael Lourenco Duarte 
4   Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Anápolis, Anápolis GO, Brazil.
5   Centro de Diagnóstico por Imagem de Goiânia, Goiânia GO, Brazil.
,
Diego Jose Fernandez 
6   Instituto de Neurologia de Goiânia, Goiânia GO, Brazil.
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Abstract

Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), an acute polyradiculoneuropathy that occurs because of an abnormal inflammatory response in the peripheral nervous system, is clinically characterized by acute flaccid paresis and areflexia with or without sensory symptoms. This syndrome can lead to disabling or even life-threatening sequelae. Objective: This study aimed to present the clinical and epidemiological aspects of GBS in patients admitted to a tertiary-level hospital in the Federal District between January 2013 and June 2019. Methods: In this observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study, medical records of patients diagnosed with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, acute motor axonal neuropathy or acute axonal motor-sensitive neuropathy based on electromyographic findings were included, and clinical data were collected retrospectively. Results: A total of 100 patients (63 males and 37 females; ratio, 1.7:1) aged 2–86 years (mean, 36.4 years) were included. The mean annual incidence rate of GBS was 0.54 cases/100,000 inhabitants, with 52 and 49% of the cases occurring between October and March (rainy season) and between April and September (dry season), respectively. The proportions of patients showing each GBS variant were as follows: demyelinating forms, 57%; axonal forms, 39%; and undetermined, 4%. The mean duration of hospitalization was 8–15 days for most patients (38%). During hospitalization, 14% of the patients required mechanical ventilation and 20% experienced infectious complications. Conclusion: The findings indicate that there was an increase in the incidence of GBS during the rainy season. Moreover, we did not observe the typical bimodal distribution regarding age at onset.

RESUMO

Introdução: Síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB), uma polirradiculoneuropatia aguda que ocorre devido a uma resposta inflamatória anormal no sistema nervoso periférico, é caracterizada clinicamente por paralisia flácida aguda e arreflexia, com ou sem sintomas sensitivos. Essa síndrome pode deixar sequelas incapacitantes ou até ameaçar a vida. Objetivo: Apresentar os aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos da SGB em pacientes internados em um hospital terciário do Distrito Federal, no período de janeiro/2013 a junho/2019. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal e retrospectivo, no qual pacientes com diagnóstico de polirradiculoneuropatia desmielinizante inflamatória aguda, neuropatia axonal motora aguda ou neuropatia axonal sensitivo motora aguda a partir dos achados eletroneuromiográficos foram selecionados e seus dados clínicos coletados retrospectivamente em seus prontuários. Resultados: Um total de 100 pacientes (63 homens e 37 mulheres; proporção de 1,7:1), com idades entre 2–86 anos (média, 36,4 anos), foram incluídos. A taxa média anual de incidência de SGB foi de 0,54 casos/100.000 habitantes, com 52 e 49% dos casos ocorrendo entre outubro e março (período chuvoso) e entre abril e setembro (período seco), respectivamente. A proporção de pacientes que apresentaram cada variante de SGB foi a seguinte: formas desmielinizantes, 57%; formas axonais, 39%; e indeterminado, 4%. A duração média da hospitalização foi de 8‒15 dias para a maioria dos pacientes (38%). Durante a hospitalização, 14% dos pacientes necessitaram de ventilação mecânica e 20% apresentaram complicações infecciosas. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam aumento na incidência de GBS durante a estação chuvosa. Além disso, não observamos a distribuição bimodal típica em relação à idade de início.

Keywords:

Guillain-Barré Syndrome - Electromyography - Neurophysiology - Epidemiology

Palavras-chave:

Síndrome de Guillain-Barré - Eletromiografia - Neurofisiologia - Epidemiologia

Authors’ contributions:

DRCABO and RNMF: conceived the presented idea. DRCABO, FSB, RLD and DJF: designed the study and collected the data. TCG: performed the statistical analysis. DRCABO: wrote the first draft. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. TCG and RNMF: made the final revision.




Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 30. Juni 2020

Angenommen: 19. September 2020

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
04. Juli 2023

© 2021. Academia Brasileira de Neurologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

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