The search for optimal anticoagulation therapy in ACS: The gap between clinical trials and current clinical guidelines

Editorial Focus on Navarese et al. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114: 933-944..

• References

• 1 Weitz JI. Insights into the role of thrombin in the pathogenesis of recurrent ischaemia after acute coronary syndrome. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112: 924-931.
• 2 De Caterina R, Husted S, Wallentin L. et al. Parenteral anticoagulants in heart disease: current status and perspectives (Section II). Position paper of the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis-Task Force on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease. Thromb Haemost 2013; 109: 769-786.
• 3 De Caterina R, Husted S, Wallentin L. et al. General mechanisms of coagulation and targets of anticoagulants (Section I). Position Paper of the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis--Task Force on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease. Thromb Haemost 2013; 109: 569-579.
• 4 Kimmelstiel C, Zhang P, Kapur NK. et al. Bivalirudin is a dual inhibitor of thrombin and collagen-dependent platelet activation in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4: 171-179.
• 5 Zafar MU, Vorchheimer DA, Tewar MP. et al. Ticagrelor reduces thrombus formation more than clopidogrel, even when co-administered with bivalirudin. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112: 1069-1070.
• 6 Task Force on the management of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Steg PG, James SK, Atar D. et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 2569-2619.
• 7 O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD. et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 82: E1-27.
• 8 Piccolo R, De Biase C, D'Anna C. et al. Early stent thrombosis with bivalirudin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. A meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113: 1010-1020.
• 9 Hamm CW, Bassand J-P, Agewall S. et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 2999-3054.
• 10 Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG. et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64: e139-228.
• 11 Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G. et al. Heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor versus bivalirudin monotherapy and paclitaxel-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): final 3-year results from a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011; 377: 2193-2204.
• 12 Steg PG, van 't Hof A, Hamm CW. et al. Bivalirudin started during emergency transport for primary PCI. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 2207-2217.
• 13 White HD, Chew DP, Hoekstra JW. et al. Safety and efficacy of switching from either unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin to bivalirudin in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an invasive strategy: results from the ACUITY (Acute Catheterisation and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 1734-1741.
• 14 Sibbing D, Bernlochner I, Schulz S. et al. Prognostic value of a high on-clopidogrel treatment platelet reactivity in bivalirudin versus abciximab treated non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients. ISAR-REACT 4 (Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen: Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment-4) platelet substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60: 369-377.
• 15 Authors/Task Force members. Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F. et al. 2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularisation: The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularisation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 2541-2619.
• 16 Shahzad A, Kemp I, Mars C. et al. Unfractionated heparin versus bivalirudin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (HEAT-PPCI): an open-label, single centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014; 384: 1849-1858.
• 17 Alexander W. Bivalirudin Versus Heparin: A Fight Far From Finished?: Efficacy, Safety, and Cost Remain Battlegrounds for the Treatment Of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. P T 2015; 40: 209-217.
• 18 Valgimigli M. Bivalirudin Infusion Compared To Unfractionated Heparin In Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Undergoing Invasive Management: Results From The Minimizing Adverse Haemorrhagic Events By Transradial Access Site And Systemic Implementation Of Angiox (matrix) Anti-thrombin Program. TCT@ACC-i2, March 15, 2015. Session #410-12.
• 19 Navarese EP, Schulze V, Andreotti F. et al. Comprehensive meta-analysis of safety and efficacy of bivalirudin versus heparin with or without routine glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with acute coronary syndrome. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8: 201-213.
• 20 Capodanno D, De Caterina R. Bivalirudin for acute coronary syndromes: premises, promises and doubts. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113: 698-707.
• 21 Cavender MA, Sabatine MS. Bivalirudin versus heparin in patients planned for percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2014; 384: 599-606.
• 22 Navarese EP, Andreotti F, Kolodziejczak M. et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Anticoagulant Strategies for Acute Coronary Syndromes. Comprehensive Network Meta-analysis of 42 Randomised Trials involving 177,353 Patients. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114: 933-944.
• 23 Alexopoulos D, Stavrou K, Koniari I. et al. Ticagrelor vs prasugrel one-month maintenance therapy: impact on platelet reactivity and bleeding events. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112: 551-557.
• 24 Sibbing D, Massberg S. There's life in the old dog yet: clopidogrel competing with prasugrel and ticagrelor for treatment of ACS patients. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112: 10-11.
• 25 Laine M, Frère C, Toesca R. et al. Ticagrelor versus prasugrel in diabetic patients with an acute coronary syndrome. A pharmacodynamic randomised study. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111: 273-278.