Vaccination strategies in atherosclerosis

Saskia C. A. de Jager; Johan Kuiper

doi:10.1160/TH11-05-0369

Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Table of Contents

Thromb Haemost 2011; 106(05): 796-803
DOI: 10.1160/TH11-05-0369

Theme Issue Article

Schattauer GmbH

Vaccination strategies in atherosclerosis

Authors

Saskia C. A. de Jager

¹Department of Biopharmaceutics, Division of Therapeutic Immunomodulation, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
Johan Kuiper

¹Department of Biopharmaceutics, Division of Therapeutic Immunomodulation, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands

Abstract

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Summary

The treatment of atherosclerosis is currently based on lipid lowering in combination with anti-inflammatory therapies that slow the progression of atherosclerosis. Still, we are not able to fully inhibit the formation or progression of atherosclerotic lesions. A very effective strategy in other disease pathologies is vaccination, in which the body is challenged with the culprit protein or micro-organism in order to create a highly specific humoral immune-response. Immunisation can typically be divided into active or passive immunisation. Active immunisation occurs naturally when the body is exposed to certain microbes or antigens, but also artificially in the case of vaccination. Exposure to a microbe or antigen will result in the production of (antigen specific) antibodies. Passive immunisation is defined as the transfer of humoral immunity (as a result of antibody transfer). Another mechanism to ensure immune-protection is tolerance induction. Immune tolerance occurs naturally to prevent immune responses to ‘self-antigens’, but can also be induced to non-self antigens. Acquired tolerance to foreign antigens is accompanied by suppression of cellular and/or humoral immune response to the introduced antigen. In its most effective way, vaccination can result in a lifelong protection against the targeted pathology, and therefore the development of an atherosclerosis-specific vaccination is of high importance in the future prevention of atherosclerosis. One of the difficulties in developing effective vaccination strategies for atherosclerosis is the selection of a specific antigen to target. So far vaccination strategies have been based on targeting of lipidantigens, inflammation-derived antigens, and recently cell-based vaccination strategies have been employed; but also the cardiovascular ‘side-effects’ of infection-based vaccines are worthy of our attention. This review describes the current status-quo on classical antibody associated vaccination strategies but also includes promising immunemodulation approaches that may lead to a clinical application.

Keywords

Atherosclerosis - vaccination - immunology

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References

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