The safety of co-administered continuous epidural analgesia and low-molecular-weight heparin after major orthopedic surgery: Assessment of a standardized patient management protocol

• References

• 1 Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ. Neuraxial block and lowmolecular-weight heparin: balancing perioperative prophylaxis regimens, and guidelines for regional anesthetic management. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998; 23: 164-77.
• 2 Vandermeulen EP, Van Aken H, Vermylen J. Anticoagulants and spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1994; 79: 1165-77.
• 3 Horlocker TT. Low molecular weight heparin and neuraxial anesthesia. Thromb Res 2001; 101: V141-54.
• 4 Lumpkin MM. FDA Public Health Advisory: Reports of epidural or spinal hematomas with the concurrent use of low molecular weight heparin and spinal/epidural anesthesia or spinal puncture. Anesthesiol 1999; 88: 27A-28A.
• 5 Tryba M, Wedel DJ. Central neuraxial block and low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin): Lessons learned from two different dosage regimens in two continents. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 41 (Suppl. 111) 100-4.
• 6 Lawton MT, Porter RW, Heiserman JE. et al. Surgical management of spinal epidural hematoma: relationship between surgical timing and neurological outcome. J Neurosurg 1995; 83: 1-7.
• 7 Choi PT, Bhandari M, Scott J. et al. Epidural analgesia for pain relief following hip or knee replacement. Cochrane Rev Database 2003; 03: CD003071.
• 8 Geerts WH, Pineo GF, Heit JA. et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004; 126 (Suppl. 03) S338-S400.
• 9 Auroy Y, Benhamou D, Barges L. et al. Major complications of regional anesthesia in France: The SOS Regionale Anesthesia Hotline Service. Anesthesiol 2002; 97: 1274-80.
• 10 Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Benzon H. et al. Regional anesthesia in the anticoagulated patient: Defining the risks (the Second ASRA Consensus Conference on Neuraxial Anesthesia and Anticoagulation). Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003; 28: 172-92.