Zusammenfassung
Patienten, die einen Kreislaufstillstand erleiden, haben noch immer eine sehr ungünstige
Prognose. Alle Versuche, das Langzeitergebnis dieser Patienten durch eine medikamentöse
Therapie zu verbessern, sind bisher gescheitert. Etwa 50–70 % aller Kreislaufstillstände
entstehen auf dem Boden eines akuten Myokardinfarkts (AMI) oder einer massiven Lungenembolie
(LE). Da die Thrombolyse eine effektive und kausale Therapie für Patienten mit AMI
oder PE ist, erscheint eine Kombination der kardiopulmonalen Reanimation (CPR) und
Thrombolyse aus theoretischen Erwägungen sinnvoll. Tierexperimentell wurde nachgewiesen,
dass die thrombolytische Therapie während der Reanimation über die spezifisch thrombolytische
Wirkung hinaus wirkt, indem sie die Mikrozirkulation während der Reperfusionsphase
verbessert. Zahlreiche Fallserien und mehrere kleinere Studien demonstrierten den
Erfolg einer thrombolytischen Therapie, eine große randomisierte Studie zeigte jedoch
keinen zusätzlichen Nutzen der Thrombolyse gegenüber der Standardtherapie bei Kreislaufstillstand.
Ein genereller Einsatz von Thrombolytika während CPR kann derzeit nicht empfohlen
werden. Die Anwendung während CPR sollte jedoch erwogen werden, wenn eine massive
LE als Ursache des Kreislaufstillstands angenommen wird oder die konventionelle CPR
bei vermuteter thrombotischer Ursache des Kreislaufstillstands nicht erfolgreich war.
Das zu erwartende Blutungsrisiko erscheint vor dem Hintergrund eines potenziellen
Benefits der Therapie in diesen Fällen vertretbar.
Abstract
Patients suffering cardiac arrest still have a poor prognosis. Up to the present,
no drug therapy has shown to improve longterm survival after cardiac arrest. Acute
myocardial infarction (AMI) or massive pulmonary embolism (PE) are the underlying
causes for sudden cardiac arrest in 50–70 % of patients. Thrombolysis is an effective
and causal therapy in patients with AMI or PE. Therefore, combining cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) with thrombolysis may be a promising therapeutic approach. Experimental
studies have demonstrated that thrombolytic therapy during CPR is not only a causal
treatment for coronary or pulmonary arterial thrombi, but may also improve microcirculatory
reperfusion after cardiac arrest. Although numerous case series and small clinical
studies showed evidence for the success of thrombolytic therapy during CPR, a large
randomised study did not confirm these results. Thrombolysis during CPR today can
not be recommended as a standard therapy in patients suffering cardiac arrest. However,
it should be considered if a massive PE is supposed to be the cause of cardiac arrest
or if conventional CPR has not been successful in a patient with presumed thrombotic
cause of cardiac arrest. The expected bleeding risk is outweighed by the potential
benefit of this therapy in selected patients.
Schlüsselwörter:
Herzinfarkt - Kreislaufstillstand - kardiopulmonale Reanimation - Lungenembolie -
Thrombolyse
Keywords:
cardiac arrest - cardiopulmonary resuscitation - fibrinolysis - myocardial infarction
- pulmonary embolism - thrombolysis
Kernaussagen
Eine Thrombolyse während der Reanimation ist ein kausaler Therapieansatz, weil sie
koronararterielle Thromben oder pulmonale Emboli beseitigen und zur Verbesserung der
Mikrozirkulation während der Reperfusionsphase beitragen kann.
Die meisten kleineren und methodisch inhomogenen klinischen Studien zur Thrombolyse
während der CPR haben gezeigt, dass Thrombolytika den Reanimationserfolg erhöhen und
das neurologische Outcome verbessern. Jedoch konnte die Überlegenheit der Thrombolyse
bisher nicht in einer großen multizentrischen randomisierten Studie bestätigt werden.
Eine thrombolytische Therapie während CPR wird derzeit nicht generell für Patienten
nach Kreislaufstillstand empfohlen. Sie sollte jedoch erwogen werden, wenn der Verdacht
auf eine massive LE als auslösendes Ereignis vorliegt oder konventionelle CPR–Maßnahmen
nach AMI erfolglos bleiben.
Das durch die Thrombolyse erhöhte Risiko schwerer Blutungen erscheint durch den potenziellen
Benefit der Therapie bei sorgfältig ausgewählten Patienten gerechtfertigt.
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Dr. med. Fabian Spöhr Univ.–Prof. Dr. med. Bernd W. Böttiger
Email: fabian.spoehr@uk-koeln.de
Email: bernd.boettiger@uk-koeln.de