Download PDF
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2007; 11(4): 281-300
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1060332
© Thieme Medical Publishers

Scintigraphy of Benign Bone Disease

Hans Van der Wall1 , Ignac Fogelman2
  • 1Department of Nuclear Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
  • 2Division of Imaging, King's College, London, United Kingdom
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
07 March 2008 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

Bone scintigraphy is ideally suited for the investigation of benign bone disease as it functions at a physiological level. It is freely available and has whole-body capability and high-contrast resolution. When coupled with single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT), it can be utilized to provide precise anatomical localization, attenuation correction, and therefore better lesion localization. A considerable volume of data has accumulated on the role of bone scintigraphy in trauma and its complications, overuse injuries, vascular disease of bone, metabolic bone diseases, and a variety of other disorders. This article is an overview of the established applications and signposts of potential future applications with the increasing prevalence of SPECT/CT devices and technical advances in attenuation correction, collimator modeling, and resolution recovery software.

KEYWORDS

Scintigraphy - bone - SPECT/CT - trauma - vascular - osteonecrosis - stress fracture

REFERENCES

  • 1 Groves A M, Bird N, Tabor I, Cheow H K, Balan K K. 16-Detector multislice CT-skeletal scintigraphy image co-registration.  Nucl Med Commun. 2004;  25(11) 1151-1155
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Gregory P L, Batt M E, Kerslake R W, Scammell B E, Webb J F. The value of combining single photon emission computerised tomography and computerised tomography in the investigation of spondylolysis.  Eur Spine J. 2004;  13(6) 503-509
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Mink J H, Deutsch A L. Occult cartilage and bone injuries of the knee: detection, classification and assessment with MR imaging.  Radiology. 1989;  170 823-829
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Daffner R H, Pavlov H. Stress fractures: current concepts.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;  159 245-252
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Devas M B. Stress Fractures. London; Churchill Livingstone 1975
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Knapp T P, Garrett Jr W E. Stress fractures: general concepts.  Clin Sports Med. 1997;  16(2) 339-356
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Goldberg H D, Young J W, Reiner B I, Resnik C S, Gillespie T E. Double injuries of the forearm: a common occurrence.  Radiology. 1992;  185(1) 223-227
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Spitz J, Becker C, Tittel K, Weigand H. Clinical relevance of whole body skeletal scintigraphy in multiple injury and polytrauma patients.  Unfallchirurgie. 1992;  18(3) 133-147
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Heinrich S D, Gallagher D, Harris M, Nadell J M. Undiagnosed fractures in severely injured children and young adults. Identification with technetium imaging.  J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;  76(4) 561-572
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Dias J J, Thompson J, Barton N J, Gregg P J. Suspected scaphoid fractures. The value of radiographs.  J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;  72(1) 98-101
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Tiel-van Buul M M, Roolker W, Verbeeten B W, Broekhuizen A H. Magnetic resonance imaging versus bone scintigraphy in suspected scaphoid fracture.  Eur J Nucl Med. 1996;  23(8) 971-975
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Thorpe A P, Murray A D, Smith F W, Ferguson J. Clinically suspected scaphoid fracture: a comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy.  Br J Radiol. 1996;  69(818) 109-113
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Bellmore M C, Cummine J L, Crocker E F, Carseldine D B. The role of bone scans in the assessment of prognosis of scaphoid fractures.  Aust N Z J Surg. 1983;  53(2) 133-137
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Rolfe E B, Garvie N W, Khan M A, Ackery D M. Isotope bone imaging in suspected scaphoid trauma.  Br J Radiol. 1981;  54(645) 762-767
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Lewis S L, Rees J I, Thomas G V, Williams L A. Pitfalls of bone scintigraphy in suspected hip fractures.  Br J Radiol. 1991;  64(761) 403-408
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Holder L E, Schwarz C, Wernicke P G, Michael R H. Radionuclide bone imaging in the early detection of fractures of the proximal femur (hip).  Radiology. 1990;  174 509-515
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Slavin Jr J D, Mathews J, Spencer R P. Bone imaging in the diagnosis of fractures of the femur and pelvis in the sixth to tenth decades.  Clin Nucl Med. 1986;  11(5) 328-330
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Calder S J, McCaskie A W, Belton I P, Finlay D B, Harper W M. Single-photon-emission computerised tomography compared with planar bone scan to assess femoral head vascularity.  J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;  77(4) 637-639
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Englaro E E, Gelfand M J, Paltiel H J. Bone scintigraphy in preschool children with lower extremity pain of unknown origin.  J Nucl Med. 1992;  33(3) 351-354
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Miller J H, Sanderson R A. Scintigraphy of toddler's fracture.  J Nucl Med. 1988;  29(12) 2001-2003
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Park H M, Kernek C B, Robb J A. Early scintigraphic findings of occult femoral and tibial fractures in infants.  Clin Nucl Med. 1988;  13(4) 271-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Groshar D, Liberson A, Alperson M et al.. Scintigraphy of posterior tibial tendinitis.  J Nucl Med. 1997;  38(2) 247-249
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Crisp T A. Tibialis posterior tendonitis associated with os naviculare.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;  30(8) 1183-1190
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Sinha P, Kim A, Umans H, Freeman L M. Scintigraphic findings in peroneal tendonitis: a case report.  Clin Nucl Med. 2000;  25(1) 17-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Walker P, Kannangara S, Bruce W J, Michael D, Van der Wall H. Lateral hip pain: does imaging predict response to localized injection?.  Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;  457 144-149
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Green J S, Morgan B, Lauder I et al.. The correlation of bone scintigraphy and histological findings in patellar tendinitis.  Nucl Med Commun. 1996;  17(3) 231-234
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Sopov W, Rozenbaum M, Rosner I, Groshar D. Scintigraphy of de Quervain's tenosynovitis.  Nucl Med Commun. 1999;  20(2) 175-177
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Umans H. Ankle impingement syndromes.  Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2002;  6(2) 133-140
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Johnson R P, Collier B D, Carrera G F. The os trigonum syndrome: use of bone scan in the diagnosis.  J Trauma. 1984;  24(8) 761-764
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Huang H H, Qureshi A A, Biundo J J. Sports and other soft tissue injuries, tendinitis, bursitis, and occupation-related syndromes.  Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000;  12(2) 150-154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Yeung M S, Chan K M, So C H, Yuan W Y. An epidemiological survey on ankle sprain.  Br J Sports Med. 1994;  28(2) 112-116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Fallat L, Grimm D J, Saracco J A. Sprained ankle syndrome: prevalence and analysis of 639 acute injuries.  J Foot Ankle Surg. 1998;  37(4) 280-285
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Kortebein P M, Kaufman K R, Basford J R, Stuart M J. Medial tibial stress syndrome.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;  32(3 Suppl) S27-33
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Holder L E, Michael R H. The specific scintigraphic pattern of “shin splints” in the lower leg: Concise communication.  J Nucl Med. 1984;  25 865-869
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Brudvig T J, Gudger T D, Obermeyer L. Stress fractures in 295 trainees: a one-year study of incidence as related to age, sex and race.  Mil Med. 1983;  148 666-667
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Monteleone Jr G P. Stress fractures in the athlete.  Orthop Clin North Am. 1995;  26(3) 423-432
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Shea M P, Manoli A. Osteochondral lesions of the talar dome.  Foot Ankle. 1993;  14 48-55
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Stroud C C, Marks R M. Imaging of osteochondral lesions of the talus.  Foot Ankle Clin. 2000;  5(1) 119-133
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Anderson I F, Crichton K J, Grattan-Smith T, Cooper R A, Brazier D. Osteochondral fractures of the dome of the talus.  J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;  71 1143-1152
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Mintz D N, Tashjian G S, Connell D A et al.. Osteochondral lesions of the talus: a new magnetic resonance grading system with arthroscopic correlation.  Arthroscopy. 2003;  19(4) 353-359
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Urman M, Ammann W, Sisler J et al.. The role of bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of talar dome fractures.  J Nucl Med. 1991;  32(12) 2241-2244
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Frater C, Van Gaal W, Kannangara S, Van Der Wall H. Scintigraphy of injuries to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis.  Clin Nucl Med. 2002;  27(9) 625-627
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 McBryde A M. Stress fractures in runners.  Clin Sports Med. 1985;  4 737-752
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Geslien G E, Thrall J H, Espinosa J L, Older R A. Early detection of stress fractures using 99mTc-polyphosphate.  Radiology. 1976;  121(3 Pt. 1) 683-687
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Brukner P, Bennell K. Stress fractures in female athletes. Diagnosis, management and rehabilitation.  Sports Med. 1997;  24(6) 419-429
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Ishibashi Y, Okamura Y, Otsuka H et al.. Comparison of scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging for stress injuries of bone.  Clin J Sport Med. 2002;  12(2) 79-84
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Yngve D A. Stress fractures in the pediatric athlete. In: Sullivan JA, Grana WA The Pediatric Athlete. Park Ridge, IL; American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons 1988: 235
    Google Scholar
  • 48 Bennell K L, Brukner P D. Epidemiology and site specificity of stress fractures.  Clin Sports Med. 1997;  16(2) 179-196
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Congeni J, McCulloch J, Swanson K. Lumbar spondylolysis. A study of natural progression in athletes.  Am J Sports Med. 1997;  25(2) 248-253
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Campbell R S, Grainger A J, Hide I G, Papastefanou S, Greenough C G. Juvenile spondylolysis: a comparative analysis of CT, SPECT and MRI.  Skeletal Radiol. 2005;  34(2) 63-73
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Ryan P J, Fogelman I. The role of nuclear medicine in orthopaedics.  , [see comments] Nucl Med Commun. 1994;  15(5) 341-360
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Raby N, Matthews S. symptomatic spondylolysis: correlation of CT and SPECT with clinical outcome.  Clin Radiol. 1993;  48 97-99
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Le Jeune J J, Rochcongar P, Vazelle F et al.. Pubic pain syndrome in sportsmen: comparison of radiographic and scintigraphic findings.  Eur J Nucl Med. 1984;  9(6) 250-253
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Frater C J. Importance of positioning and frequency of unexpected scintigraphic findings in a high impact sport.  Nucl Med Commun. 2001;  22(11) 1231-1235
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Fernandez W G, Yard E E, Comstock R D. Epidemiology of lower extremity injuries among U.S. high school athletes.  Acad Emerg Med. 2007;  14(7) 641-645
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Hodge J C. Anterior process fracture or calcaneus secundarius: a case report.  J Emerg Med. 1999;  17(2) 305-309
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Auchincloss J M, Watt I. Scintigraphy in the evaluation of potential fracture healing: a clinical study of tibial fractures.  Br J Radiol. 1982;  55(658) 707-713
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Desai A, Alavi A, Dalinka M, Brighton C, Esterhai J. Role of bone scintigraphy in the evaluation and treatment of nonunited fractures: concise communication.  J Nucl Med. 1980;  21(10) 931-934
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Abe H, Nakamura M, Takahashi S et al.. Radiation-induced insufficiency fractures of the pelvis: evaluation with 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate scintigraphy.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;  158(3) 599-602
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Cooper K L, Beabout J W, Swee R G. Insufficiency fractures of the sacrum.  Radiology. 1985;  156(1) 15-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Peh W C, Khong P L, Yin Y et al.. Imaging of pelvic insufficiency fractures.  Radiographics. 1996;  16(2) 335-348
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Davies A M, Evans N S, Struthers G R. Parasymphyseal and associated insufficiency fractures of the pelvis and sacrum.  Br J Radiol. 1988;  61(722) 103-108
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Cook G J, Hannaford E, See M, Clarke S E, Fogelman I. The value of bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of osteoporotic patients with back pain.  Scand J Rheumatol. 2002;  31(4) 245-248
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Versijpt J, Dierckx R A, De Bondt P et al.. The contribution of bone scintigraphy in occupational health or medical insurance claims: a retrospective study.  Eur J Nucl Med. 1999;  26(8) 804-811
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Connolly S A, Connolly L P, Jaramillo D. Imaging of sports injuries in children and adolescents.  Radiol Clin North Am. 2001;  39(4) 773-790
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Danigelis J A. Pinhole imaging in Legg-Perthes disease: further observations.  Semin Nucl Med. 1976;  6(1) 69-82
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Carty H, Maxted M, Fielding J A, Gulliford P, Owen R. Isotope scanning in the “irritable hip syndrome.”  Skeletal Radiol. 1984;  11(1) 32-37
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Cavailloles F, Bok B, Bensahel H. Bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis and follow-up of Perthes' disease.  Eur J Nucl Med. 1982;  7(7) 327-330
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Sutherland A D, Savage J P, Paterson D C, Foster B K. The nuclide bone scan in the diagnosis and management of Perthes' disease.  J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1980;  62 300-306
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Gelfand M J, Strife J L, Graham E J, Crawford A H. Bone scintigraphy in slipped capital femoral epiphysis.  Clin Nucl Med. 1983;  8(12) 613-615
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Conway W F, Totty W G, McEnery K W. CT and MRI imaging of the hip.  Radiology. 1996;  198 297-307
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Mandell G A, Keret D, Harcke H T, Bowen J R. Chondrolysis: detection by bone scintigraphy.  J Pediatr Orthop. 1992;  12(1) 80-85
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Kemp A M, Butler A, Morris S et al.. Which radiological investigations should be performed to identify fractures in suspected child abuse?.  Clin Radiol. 2006;  61(9) 723-736
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Mandelstam S A, Cook D, Fitzgerald M, Ditchfield M R. Complementary use of radiological skeletal survey and bone scintigraphy in detection of bony injuries in suspected child abuse.  Arch Dis Child. 2003;  88(5) 387-390 discussion 387-390
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Kleinman P K. Shaken babies.  Lancet. 1998;  352(9130) 815-816
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Kleinman P K, Marks Jr S C, Nimkin K, Rayder S M, Kessler S C. Rib fractures in 31 abused infants: postmortem radiologic-histopathologic study.  Radiology. 1996;  200(3) 807-810
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Kleinman P K, Nimkin K, Spevak M R et al.. Follow-up skeletal surveys in suspected child abuse.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;  167(4) 893-896
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Kleinman P K, Schlesinger A E. Mechanical factors associated with posterior rib fractures: laboratory and case studies.  Pediatr Radiol. 1997;  27(1) 87-91
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Strouse P J, Owings C L. Fractures of the first rib in child abuse.  Radiology. 1995;  197(3) 763-765
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Nimkin K, Kleinman P K. Imaging of child abuse.  Pediatr Clin North Am. 1997;  44(3) 615-635
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Epstein D A, Levin E J. Bone scintigraphy in hereditary multiple exostoses.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1978;  130 331-333
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Leslie W D, Reinhold C, Rosenthall L, Tau C, Glorieux F H. Panostotic fibrous dysplasia. A new craniotubular dysplasia.  Clin Nucl Med. 1992;  17 556-560
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Iancu T C, Almagor G, Friedman E, Hardoff R, Front D. Chronic familial hyperphosphatemia.  Radiology. 1978;  129 669-679
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Rosenthall L, Lisbono R. Skeletal Imaging. Norwalk, CT; Appleton-Century-Crofts 1984: 294
    Google Scholar
  • 85 El-Desouki M, Herbish A A, Rasheed S A, Jurayyan N A. Bone scintigraphy and densitometry in children with osteoporosis.  Clin Nucl Med. 1995;  20 1061-1064
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Piert M, Zittel T T, Becker G A et al.. Assessment of porcine bone metabolism by dynamic.  J Nucl Med. 2001;  42(7) 1091-1100
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Ryan P J, Fogelman I. Bone scintigraphy in metabolic bone disease.  Semin Nucl Med. 1997;  27(3) 291-305
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Mari C, Catafau A, Carrio I. Bone scintigraphy and metabolic disorders.  Q J Nucl Med. 1999;  43(3) 259-267
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Fukumitsu N, Dohi M, Midda K et al.. Bone scintigraphy in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.  Clin Nucl Med. 1999;  24(6) 446-447
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Di Leo C, Ardemagni A, Bestetti A et al.. A rare case of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia assessed by bone scintigraphy with Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP).  Nuklearmedizin. 1999;  38(5) 169-171
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Boutin R D, Spitz D J, Newman J S, Lenchik L, Steinbach L S. Complications in Paget disease at MR imaging.  Radiology. 1998;  209(3) 641-651
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Smith S E, Murphey M D, Motamedi K et al.. From the archives of the AFIP. Radiologic spectrum of Paget disease of bone and its complications with pathologic correlation.  Radiographics. 2002;  22(5) 1191-1216
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Mazieres B, Jung-Rosenfarb M, Bouteiller G, Fournie A, Arlet J. Bone scintigraphy in Paget's disease.  Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic. 1978;  45(5) 311-316
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Mont M A, Hungerford D S. Nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral neck.  J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;  77(3) 459-474
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Mandell G A, Harcke H T. Scintigraphic manifestations of infarction of the second metatarsal (Freiberg's disease).  J Nucl Med. 1987;  28 249-251
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 McCauley R G, Kahn P C. Osteochondritis of the tarsal navicula: radioisotopic appearances.  Radiology. 1977;  123 705-706
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Patel N, Collier B D, Carrera G F, Isitman A T. High-resolution scintigraphy of the adult wrist.  Clin Nucl Med. 1992;  17(6) 449-453
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Reinus W R, Conway W F, Totty W G. Carpal avascular necrosis: MRI imaging.  Radiology. 1986;  160 689-693
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Biasotto M, Chiandussi S, Dore F et al.. Clinical aspects and management of bisphosphonates-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws.  Acta Odontol Scand. 2006;  64(6) 348-354
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Mankin H J. Nontraumatic necrosis of bone (osteonecrosis).  N Engl J Med. 1992;  326(22) 1473-1479
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Stromquist B. Intracapsular pressure in the hip in femoral neck fractures without displacement.  Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1988;  74(Suppl 2) 267-268
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Ruland L J, Wang G J, Teates C D, Gay S, Rijke A. A comparison of magnetic resonance imaging to bone scintigraphy in early traumatic ischemia of the femoral head.  Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;  (285) 30-34
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Calandruccio R A, Anderson W E. Post-fracture avascular necrosis of the femoral head: correlation of experimental and clinical studies.  Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980;  (152) 49-84
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Catto M. A histological study of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after transcervical fracture.  J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1965;  47(4) 749-776
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Speer K P, Spritzer C E, Harrelson J M, Nunley J A. Magnetic resonance imaging of the femoral head after acute intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck.  J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;  72(1) 98-103
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Lucie R S, Fuller S, Burdick D C, Johnston R M. Early prediction of avascular necrosis of the femoral head following femoral neck fractures.  Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1981;  (161) 207-214
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Conklin J J, Alderson P O, Zizic T M et al.. Comparison of bone scan and radiograph sensitivity in the detection of steroid-induced ischemic necrosis of bone.  Radiology. 1983;  147(1) 221-226
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Scheiber C, Meyer M E, Dumitresco B et al.. The pitfalls of planar three-phase bone scintigraphy in nontraumatic hip avascular osteonecrosis.  Clin Nucl Med. 1999;  24(7) 488-494
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Collier B D, Carrera G F, Johnson R P et al.. Detection of femoral head avascular necrosis in adults by SPECT.  J Nucl Med. 1985;  26(9) 979-987
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Ryu J S, Kim J S, Moon D H et al.. Bone SPECT is more sensitive than MRI in the detection of early osteonecrosis of the femoral head after renal transplantation.  J Nucl Med. 2002;  43(8) 1006-1011
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Ecker M L, Lotke P A. Osteonecrosis of the medial part of the tibial plateau.  J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;  77(4) 596-601
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Yamamoto T, Kubo T, Hirasawa Y et al.. A clinicopathologic study of transient osteoporosis of the hip.  Skeletal Radiol. 1999;  28(11) 621-627
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 al-Rowaih A, Lindstrand A, Bjorkengren A, Thorngren K-G. Osteonecrosis of the knee. Diagnosis and outcome in 40 patients.  Acta Orthop Scand. 1991;  62 19-23
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Narvaez J, Narvaez J A, Rodriguez-Moreno J, Roig-Escofet D. Osteonecrosis of the knee: differences among idiopathic and secondary types.  Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000;  39(9) 982-989
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Fournier R S, Holder L E. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: diagnostic controversies.  Semin Nucl Med. 1998;  28(1) 116-123
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Holder L E, McKinnon S E. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in the hands: Clinical and scintigraphic criteria.  Radiology. 1984;  152 517-522
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Genant H K, Kozin F, Bekerman C, McCarty D J, Sims J. The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. A comprehensive analysis using fine-detail radiography, photon absorptiometry, and bone and joint scintigraphy.  Radiology. 1975;  117(1) 21-32
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Mackinnon S E, Holder S E. The use of three phase radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy.  J Hand Surgery Am. 1984;  9 556-563
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Intenzo C, Kim S, Millin J, Park C. Scintigraphic patterns of the reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome of the lower extremities.  Clin Nucl Med. 1989;  14(9) 657-661
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Kozin F, Genant H K, Bekerman C, McCarty D J. The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. II. Roentgenographic and scintigraphic evidence of bilaterality and of periarticular accentuation.  Am J Med. 1976;  60(3) 332-338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Ostendorf B, Scherer A, Wirrwar A et al.. High-resolution multipinhole single-photon-emission computed tomography in experimental and human arthritis.  Arthritis Rheum. 2006;  54(4) 1096-1104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Hopfner S, Krolak C, Treitl M et al.. Imaging in the early diagnosis of changes in the hand of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis: Is ultrasound a true alternative for low-field magnetic resonance scanning, 3-phase bone scintigraphy and conventional x-rays?.  , [in German] Z Rheumatol. 2007;  66(1) 56-60, 62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Pavlica L, Peric-Hajzler Z, Jovelic A, Sekler B, Damjanovic M. Psoriatic arthritis: a retrospective study of 162 patients.  Vojnosanit Pregl. 2005;  62(9) 613-620
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Zafeirakis A, Kasimos D, Sioka C, Aravanis I, Zoumboulidis A. Evaluation of a quantitative diagnostic sacroiliac bone scan index in cases of chronic low back pain in young male adults.  Hell J Nucl Med. 2005;  8(1) 19-26
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Kim K Y, Wang M Y. Magnetic resonance image-based morphological predictors of single photon emission computed tomography-positive facet arthropathy in patients with axial back pain.  Neurosurgery. 2006;  59(1) 147-156 discussion 147-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Pneumaticos S G, Chatziioannou S N, Hipp J A, Moore W H, Esses S I. Low back pain: prediction of short-term outcome of facet joint injection with bone scintigraphy.  Radiology. 2006;  238(2) 693-698
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Dolan A L, Ryan P J, Arden N K et al.. The value of SPECT scans in identifying back pain likely to benefit from facet joint injection.  Br J Rheumatol. 1996;  35(12) 1269-1273
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Dr. Hans Van der Wall

Department of Nuclear Medicine, Concord Hospital, Hospital Rd.

Concord 2139, Australia

Email: hansv@nmrf.org.au

      >