Z Gastroenterol 2008; 46(11): 1298-1330
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1027850
Leitlinie

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

S3-Leitlinie „Sedierung in der gastrointestinalen Endoskopie” 2008 (AWMF-Register-Nr. 021 / 014)

S3-Guidelines – Sedation in Gastrointestinal EndoscopyA. Riphaus1 , T. Wehrmann1 , B. Weber1 , J. Arnold1 , U. Beilenhoff1 , H. Bitter1 , S von Delius1 , D. Domagk1 , A. F. Ehlers1 , S. Faiss1 , D. Hartmann1 , W. Heinrichs1 , M.-L Hermans1 , C. Hofmann1 , S. In der Smitten1 , M. Jung1 , G. Kähler1 , M. Kraus1 , J. Martin1 , A. Meining1 , J. Radke1 , T. Rösch1 , H. Seifert1 , A. Sieg1 , B. Wigginghaus1 , I. Kopp1
  • 1Die Institutsangaben sind in [Tab. 1] des Beitrages gelistet.
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
14 November 2008 (online)

Herausgeber der Leitlinie ist die Sektion Endoskopie im Auftrag der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen e. V. (DGVS), die auch die federführende Fachgesellschaft ist. Mitherausgeber sind die an der Leitlinienentwicklung beteiligten Fachgesellschaften und Organisationen:

Bundesverband Niedergelassener Gastroenterologen Deuschlands e. V. (Bng) Chirurgischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Endoskopie und Sonographie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie (DGAV) Deutsche Morbus Crohn/Colitis ulcerosa Vereinigung e. V. (DCCV) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Endoskopie-Assistenzpersonal (DEGEA) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin (DGAI) Gesellschaft für Recht und Politik im Gesundheitswesen (GPRG)

Unter der Leitung von: T. Wehrmann, A. Riphaus, I. Kopp

Literatur

  • 1 Daneshmend T K, Bell G D, Logan R F. Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: results of a nationwide survey.  Gut. 1991;  32 12-15
  • 2 Keefe E B, O’Connor K W. ASGE survey of endoscopic sedation and monitoring practices.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1990;  36 13-18
  • 3 Froehlich F, Gonvers J J, Fried M. Conscious sedation, clinically relevant complications and monitoring of endoscopy: results of a nationwide survey in Switzerland.  Endoscopy. 1994;  26 231-234
  • 4 Frühmorgen P, Kriel L. Guidelines of the German Society of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases. Guidelines for endoscopic colorectal polypectomy with the sling. German Society of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases.  Gastroenterol. 1998;  36 117-119
  • 5 Riphaus A, Rabofski M, Wehrmann T. Sedierung in der gastrointestinalen Endoskopie in Deutschland.  Z-Gastroenterol. 2007;  45 782
  • 6 Carlsson U, Grattidge P. Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a comparative study of propofol and midazolam.  Endoscopy. 1995;  27 240-243
  • 7 Patterson K W, Casey P B, Murray J P. et al . Propofol sedation for outpatient upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: comparison with midazolam.  Br J Anaesth. 1991;  67 108-111
  • 8 Riphaus A, Gstettenbauer T, Frenz M B. et al . Quality of psychomotor recovery after propofol sedation for routine endoscopy: a randomized and controlled study.  Endoscopy. 2006;  38 677-683
  • 9 Clinical Practice Guidelines: Safety and Sedation During Endoscopic Procedures.  Gut. 2003;  , http://www.bsg.org.uk/pdf_word_docs/sedation.doc
  • 10 Stufe 1 Leitlinie Sedierung und Analgesie (Analgosedierung) von Patienten durch Nicht-Anästhesisten.  2008;  , http://www.dgai.de/ 06pdf/ 13_573-Leitlinie.pdf, http://intranet/awmf11 / 001 – 011.htm
  • 11 Hofmann C, Jung M. Sedierung und Überwachung bei endoskopischen Eingriffen.  2003;  , http://www.dgvs.de/media/ 1.2.Sedierung-ueberwachung.pdf
  • 12 Kulling D, Rothenbuhler R, Inauen W. Safety of nonanesthetist sedation with propofol for outpatient colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy.  Endoscopy. 2003;  35 679-682
  • 13 Heuss L T, Drewe J, Schnieper P. et al . Patient-controlled versus nurse-administered sedation with propofol during colonoscopy. A prospective randomized trial.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;  99 511-518
  • 14 Heuss L T, Schnieper P, Drewe J. et al . Risk stratification and safe administration of propofol by registered nurses supervised by the gastroenterologist: a prospective observational study of more than 2000 cases.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 664-671
  • 15 Rex D K, Heuss L T, Walker J A. et al . Trained registered nurses/endoscopy teams can administer propofol safely for endoscopy.  Gastroenterology. 2005;  129 1384-1391
  • 16 Rex D K, Overley C, Kinser K. et al . Safety of propofol administered by registered nurses with gastroenterologist supervision in 2000 endoscopic cases.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;  97 1159-1163
  • 17 Walker J A, McIntyre R D, Schleinitz P F. et al . Nurse-administered propofol sedation without anesthesia specialists in 9152 endoscopic cases in an ambulatory surgery center.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;  98 1744-1750
  • 18 Tohda G, Higashi S, Wakahara S. et al . Propofol sedation during endoscopic procedures: safe and effective administration by registered nurses supervised by endoscopists.  Endoscopy. 2006;  38 360-367
  • 19 American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force . Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesis by non-anesthesiologists: an updated report by the American Society of Anestesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non- Anesthesiologists.  Anesthesiology. 2002;  96 1004-1017
  • 20 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy . Guidelines for conscious sedation and monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003;  58 317-322
  • 21 American Society of Anesthesiologist. Practice guidelines for postanesthetic care: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Postanesthetic Care.  Anesthesiology. 2002;  96 742-752
  • 22 Joint statement of a Working from the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), the American Gastroenterological (AGA), and the American Society for Gastrointestina Endoscopy (ASGE) . Recommendations on the administration of sedation for the performance of endoscopic procedures.  2006;  , www.gi.org/physicians/nataffairs/trisociety.asp
  • 23 Schreiber F. Austrian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (OGGH) – guidelines on sedation and monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Endoscopy. 2007;  39 259-262
  • 24 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Guidelines for training in patient monitoring and sedation and analgesia.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;  48 (6) 669-671
  • 25 Waring J P, Baron T H, Hirota W K. et al . Guidelines for conscious sedation and monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  58 317-322
  • 26 Probert C S, Jayanthi V, Quinn J. et al . Information requirements and sedation preferences of patients undergoing endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract.  Endoscopy. 1991;  23 218-219
  • 27 Rex D K, Imperiale T F, Portish V. Patients willing to try colonoscopy without sedation: associated clinical factors and results of a randomized controlled trial.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;  49 554-559
  • 28 Eckardt V F, Kanzler G, Schmitt T. et al . Complications and adverse effects of colonoscopy with selective sedation.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;  49 560-565
  • 29 Yoruk G, Aksoz K, Unsal B. et al . Colonoscopy without sedation.  Turk J Gastroenterol. 2003;  14 59-63
  • 30 Early D S, Saifuddin T, Johnson J C. et al . Patient attitudes toward undergoing colonoscopy without sedation.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;  94 1862-1865
  • 31 Cohen L B, Wecsler J S, Gaetano J N. et al . Endoscopic sedation in the United States: results from a nationwide survey.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 967-974
  • 32 Thompson D G, Lennard-Jones J E, Evans S J. et al . Patients appreciate premedication for endoscopy.  Lancet. 1980;  2 469-470
  • 33 Dillon M, Brown S, Casey W. et al . Colonoscopy under general anesthesia in children.  Pediatrics. 1998;  102 381-383
  • 34 Ely E W. et al . Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Score (RASS).  JAMA. 2003;  289 2983-2991
  • 35 Cohen L B, Delegge M H, Aisenberg J. et al . AGA Institute review of endoscopic sedation.  Gastroenterology. 2007;  133 675-701
  • 36 Dripps R D, Lamont A, Eckenhoff J E. The role of anesthesia in surgical mortality.  JAMA. 1961;  178 261-266
  • 37 American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists.  Anesthesiology. 1996;  84 459-471
  • 38 Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. SGNA position statement: Statement on the use of sedation and analgesia in the gastrointestinal endoscopy setting.  Gastroenterol Nurs. 2003;  26 209-211
  • 39 Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. SGNA position statement. Statement on the use of sedation and analgesia in the gastrointestinal endoscopy setting.  Gastroenterol Nurs. 2004;  27 142-144
  • 40 Faigel D O, Baron T H, Goldstein J L. et al . Guidelines for the use of deep sedation and anesthesia for GI endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;  56 613-617
  • 41 American Society for gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Sedation and monitoring of patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.  Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1995;  42 626-629
  • 42 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin Airway management.  AWMF. 2004;  45 302-306
  • 43 Koch D G, Arguedas M R, Fallon M B. Risk of aspiration pneumonia in suspected variceal hemorrhage: the value of prophylactic endotracheal intubation prior to endoscopy.  Dig Dis Sci. 2007;  52 2225-2228
  • 44 Rudolph S J, Landsverk B K, Freeman M L. Endotracheal intubation for airway protection during endoscopy for severe upper GI hemorrhage.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 58-61
  • 45 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin. Vereinbarung des Berufsverbandes Deutscher Anästhesisten und des Berufverbandes der Deutschen Chirurgen. Verantwortung für die prä-, intra- und postoperative Lagerung des Patienten.  Anästh Intensivmed. 1987;  AWMF 65.41
  • 46 Olithselvan A, McIntyre A S, Gorard D A. Are patients’ sedation preferences at gastroscopy influenced by preceding patients’ decisions?.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;  20 989-992
  • 47 Campo R, Brullet E, Montserrat A. et al . Identification of factors that influence tolerance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;  11 201-204
  • 48 Subramanian S, Liangpunsakul S, Rex D K. Preprocedure patient values regarding sedation for colonoscopy.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;  39 516-519
  • 49 Abraham N S, Fallone C A, Mayrand S. et al . Sedation versus no sedation in the performance of diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a Canadian randomized controlled cost-outcome study.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;  9 1692-1699
  • 50 Hedenbro J L, Ekelund M, Aberg T. et al . Oral sedation for diagnostic upper endoscopy.  Endoscopy. 1991;  23 8-10
  • 51 Kinoshita Y, Ishido S, Nishiyama K. et al . Arterial oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and pulse rate during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy – influence of sedation and age.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 1991;  13 656-660
  • 52 Yuno K, Iishi H, Tatsuta M. et al . Intravenous midazolam as a sedative for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1996;  10 981-984
  • 53 Marriott P, Laasch H U, Wilbraham L. et al . Conscious sedation for endoscopic and non-endoscopic interventional gastrointestinal procedures: meeting patients’ expectations, missing the standard.  Clin Radiol. 2004;  59 180-185
  • 54 Ristikankare M, Hartikainen J, Heikkinen M. et al . Is routinely given conscious sedation of benefit during colonoscopy?.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;  49 566-572
  • 55 Walmsley R S, Montgomery S M. Factors affecting patient tolerance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 1998;  26 253-255
  • 56 Roseveare C, Seavell C, Patel P. et al . Patient-controlled sedation and analgesia, using propofol and alfentanil, during colonoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial.  Endoscopy. 1998;  30 768-773
  • 57 Ulmer B J, Hansen J J, Overley C A. et al . Propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl for outpatient colonoscopy: administration by nurses supervised by endoscopists.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;  1 425-432
  • 58 Vargo J J, Zuccaro Jr G, Dumot J A. et al . Gastroenterologist-administered propofol versus meperidine and midazolam for advanced upper endoscopy: a prospective, randomized trial.  Gastroenterology. 2002;  123 373-375
  • 59 Sipe B W, Rex D K, Latinovich D. et al . Propofol versus midazolam/meperidine for outpatient colonoscopy: administration by nurses supervised by endoscopists.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;  55 815-825
  • 60 Weston B R, Chadalawada V, Chalasani N. et al . Nurse-administered propofol versus midazolam and meperidine for upper endoscopy in cirrhotic patients.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;  98 2440-2447
  • 61 Mui L M, Teoh A Y, Ng E K. et al . Premedication with orally administered midazolam in adults undergoing diagnostic upper endoscopy: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  61 195-200
  • 62 Delius von S, Hollweck R, Schmid R M. et al . Midazolam-pain, but one cannot remember it: a survey among Southern German endoscopists.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;  19 465-470
  • 63 Laluna L, Allen M L, Dimarino A J. The comparison of midazolam and topical lidocaine spray versus the combination of midazolam, meperidine, and topical lidocaine spray to sedate patients for upper endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;  53 289-293
  • 64 Ng J M, Kong C F, Nyam Jr D. Patient-controlled sedation with propofol for colonoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;  54 8-13
  • 65 Patel S, Vargo J J, Khandwala F. et al . Deep sedation occurs frequently during elective endoscopy with meperidine and midazolam.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;  100 2689-2695
  • 66 Jung M, Hofmann C, Kiesslich R. et al . Improved sedation in diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: propofol is an alternative to midazolam.  Endoscopy. 2000;  32 233-238
  • 67 Wehrmann T, Kokabpick H, Jacobi V. et al . Long-term results of endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin in elderly achalasic patients with tortuous megaesophagus or epiphrenic diverticulum.  Endoscopy. 1999;  31 352-358
  • 68 Hofmann C, Kiesslich R, Brackertz A. et al . Propofol for sedation in gastroscopy – a randomized comparison with midazolam.  Z Gastroenterol. 1999;  37 589-595
  • 69 Koshy G, Nair S, Norkus E P. et al . Propofol versus midazolam and meperidine for conscious sedation in GI endoscopy.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;  95 1476-1479
  • 70 Reimann F M, Samson U, Derad I. et al . Synergistic sedation with low-dose midazolam and propofol for colonoscopies.  Endoscopy. 2000;  32 239-244
  • 71 Heuss L T, Schnieper P, Drewe J. et al . Conscious sedation with propofol in elderly patients: a prospective evaluation.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;  17 1493-1501
  • 72 Kazama T, Takeuchi K, Ikeda K. et al . Optimal propofol plasma concentration during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in young, middle-aged, and elderly patients.  Anesthesiology. 2000;  93 662-669
  • 73 Rex D K, Overley C A, Walker J. Registered nurse-administered propofol sedation for upper endoscopy and colonoscopy: Why? When? How?.  Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2003;  3 70-80
  • 74 Gottschling S, Larsen R, Meyer S. et al . Acute pancreatitis induced by short-term propofol administration.  Paediatr Anaesth. 2005;  15 1006-1008
  • 75 Jawaid Q, Presti M E, Neuschwander-Tetri B A. et al . Acute pancreatitis after single-dose exposure to propofol: a case report and review of literature.  Dig Dis Sci. 2002;  47 614-618
  • 76 Fodale V, La Monaca E. Propofol infusion syndrome: an overview of a perplexing disease.  Drug Saf. 2008;  31 293-303
  • 77 Kulling D, Fantin A C, Biro P. et al . Safer colonoscopy with patient-controlled analgesia and sedation with propofol and alfentanil.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;  54 1-7
  • 78 Bright E, Roseveare C, Dalgleish D. et al . Patient-controlled sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized trial comparing patient-controlled administration of propofol and alfentanil with physician-administered midazolam and pethidine.  Endoscopy. 2003;  35 683-687
  • 79 Lee D W, Chan A C, Sze T S. et al . Patient-controlled sedation versus intravenous sedation for colonoscopy in elderly patients: a prospective randomized controlled trial.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;  56 629-632
  • 80 Crepeau T, Poincloux L, Bonny C. et al . Significance of patient-controlled sedation during colonoscopy. Results from a prospective randomized controlled study.  Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2005;  29 1090-1096
  • 81 Lee D W, Chan A C, Wong S K. et al . The safety, feasibility, and acceptability of patient-controlled sedation for colonoscopy:prospective study.  Hong Kong Med J. 2004;  10 84-88
  • 82 Egan T D, Kern S E, Johnson K B. et al . The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in a modified cyclodextrin formulation (Captisol) versus propofol in a lipid formulation (Diprivan): an electroencephalographic and hemodynamic study in a porcine model.  Anesth Analg. 2003;  97 72-79
  • 83 Fanti L, Agostoni M, Arcidiacono P G. et al . Target-controlled infusion during monitored anesthesia care in patients undergoing EUS: propofol alone versus midazolam plus propofol. A prospective double-blind randomised controlled trial.  Dig Liver Dis. 2007;  39 81-86
  • 84 Leslie K, Absalom A, Kenny G N. Closed loop control of sedation for colonoscopy using the Bispectral Index.  Anaesthesia. 2002;  57 693-697
  • 85 Campbell L, Imrie G, Doherty P. et al . Patient maintained sedation for colonoscopy using a target controlled infusion of propofol.  Anaesthesia. 2004;  59 127-132
  • 86 Gillham M J, Hutchinson R C, Carter R. et al . Patient-maintained sedation for ERCP with a target-controlled infusion of propofol: a pilot study.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;  54 14-17
  • 87 Stonell C A, Leslie K, Absalom A R. Effect-site targeted patient-controlled sedation with propofol: comparison with anaesthetist administration for colonoscopy.  Anaesthesia. 2006;  61 240-247
  • 88 Pambianco J, Meroric J, Martin R. Feasibility assesment of computer assisted personalized sedation: a sedation delivery system to administer propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2006;  63 (5) AB 189
  • 89 Reves J G, Fragen R J, Vinik H R. et al . Midazolam: pharmacology and uses.  Anesthesiology. 1985;  62 310-324
  • 90 Donnelly M B, Scott W A, Daly D S. Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a comparison of alfentanil-midazolam and meperidine-diazepam.  Can J Anaesth. 1994;  41 1161-1165
  • 91 Ginsberg G G, Lewis J H, Gallagher J E. et al . Diazepam versus midazolam for colonoscopy: a prospective evaluation of predicted versus actual dosing requirements.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;  38 651-656
  • 92 Macken E, Gevers A M, Hendrickx A. et al . Midazolam versus diazepam in lipid emulsion as conscious sedation for colonoscopy with or without reversal of sedation with flumazenil.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;  47 57-61
  • 93 Lavies N G, Creasy T, Harris K. et al . Arterial oxygen saturation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: influence of sedation and operator experience.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1988;  83 618-622
  • 94 Carrougher J G, Kadakia S, Shaffer R T. et al . Venous complications of midazolam versus diazepam.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1993;  39 396-399
  • 95 Ladas S D, Aabakken L, Rey J F. et al . Use of sedation for routine diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Survey of National Endoscopy Society Members.  Digestion. 2006;  74 69-77
  • 96 Zakko S F, Seifert H A, Gross J B. A comparison of midazolam and diazepam for conscious sedation during colonoscopy in a prospective double-blind study.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;  49 684-689
  • 97 Cantor D S, Baldridge E T. Premedication with meperidine and diazepam for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy precludes the need for topical anesthesia.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1986;  32 339-341
  • 98 Lee M G, Hanna W, Harding H. Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a comparative study of midazolam and diazepam.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1989;  35 82-84
  • 99 Lader M, Morton S. Benzodiazepine problems.  Br J Addict. 1991;  86 823-828
  • 100 Christe C, Janssens J P, Armenian B. et al . Midazolam sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in older persons: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.  J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;  48 1398-1403
  • 101 Froehlich F, Schwizer W, Thorens J. et al . Conscious sedation for gastroscopy: patient tolerance and cardiorespiratory parameters.  Gastroenterology. 1995;  108 697-704
  • 102 Froehlich F, Thorens J, Schwizer W. et al . Sedation and analgesia for colonoscopy: patient tolerance, pain, and cardiorespiratory parameters.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;  45 1-9
  • 103 Yano H, Iishi H, Tatsuta M. et al . Oxygen desaturation during sedation for colonoscopy in elderly patients.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1998;  45 2138-2141
  • 104 Hirsh I, Vaissler A, Chernin J. et al . Fentanyl or tramadol, with midazolam, for outpatient colonoscopy: analgesia, sedation, and safety.  Dig Dis Sci. 2006;  51 1946-1951
  • 105 Lee S Y, Son H J, Lee J M. et al . Identification of factors that influence conscious sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy.  J Korean Med Sci. 2004;  19 536-540
  • 106 Morrow J B, Zuccaro Jr G, Conwell D L. et al . Sedation for colonoscopy using a single bolus is safe, effective, and efficient: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;  95 2242-2247
  • 107 Terruzzi V, Meucci G, Radaelli F. et al . Routine versus „on demand” sedation and analgesia for colonoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;  54 169-174
  • 108 Kankaria A, Lewis J H, Ginsberg G. et al . Flumazenil reversal of psychomotor impairment due to midazolam or diazepam for conscious sedation for upper endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;  44 416-421
  • 109 Saletin M, Malchow H, Muhlhofer H. et al . A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effects of flumazenil after midazolam premedication in outpatients undergoing colonoscopy.  Endoscopy. 1991;  23 331-333
  • 110 Mora C T, Torjman M, White P F. Sedative and ventilatory effects of midazolam infusion: effect of flumazenil reversal.  Can J Anaesth. 1995;  42 677-684
  • 111 Carter A S, Bell G D, Coady T. et al . Speed of reversal of midazolam-induced respiratory depression by flumazenil – a study in patients undergoing upper G.I.endoscopy.  Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1990;  Suppl 92 59-64
  • 112 Andrews P J, Wright D J, Lamont M C. Flumazenil in the outpatient. A study following midazolam as sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Anaesthesia. 1990;  45 445-448
  • 113 Bartelsman J F, Sars P R, Tytgat G N. Flumazenil used for reversal of midazolam-induced sedation in endoscopy outpatients.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1990;  36 S9-S12
  • 114 Norton A C, Dundas C R. Induction agents for day-case anaesthesia. A double- blind comparison of propofol and midazolam antagonised by flumazenil.  Anaesthesia. 1990;  45 198-203
  • 115 Wehrmann T, Grotkamp J, Stergiou N. et al . Electroencephalogram monitoring facilitates sedation with propofol for routine ERCP: a randomized, controlled trial.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;  56 817-824
  • 116 Meining A, Semmler V, Kassem A M. et al . The effect of sedation on the quality of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: an investigator-blinded, randomized study comparing propofol with midazolam.  Endoscopy. 2007;  39 345-349
  • 117 Hansen J J, Ulmer B J, Rex D K. Technical performance of colonoscopy in patients sedated with nurse-administered propofol.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;  99 52-56
  • 118 Rudner R, Jalowiecki P, Kawecki P. et al . Conscious analgesia/sedation with remifentanil and propofol versus total intravenous anesthesia with fentanyl, midazolam, and propofol for outpatient colonoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 657-663
  • 119 Qadeer M A, Vargo J J, Khandwala F. et al . Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;  3 1049-1056
  • 120 Krugliak P, Ziff B, Rusabrov Y. et al . Propofol versus midazolam for conscious sedation guided by processed EEG during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study.  Endoscopy. 2000;  32 677-682
  • 121 Riphaus A, Stergiou N, Wehrmann T. Sedation with propofol for routine ERCP in high-risk octogenarians: a randomized, controlled study.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;  100 1957-1963
  • 122 Wehrmann T, Riphaus A. Sedation with propofol for interventional endoscopic procedures: A risk factor analysis.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;  10 1-7
  • 123 Ishiguro T, Ishiguro C, Ishiguro G. et al . Midazolam sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: comparison between the states of patients in partial and complete amnesia.  Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;  49 438-440
  • 124 Arrowsmith J B, Gerstman B B, Fleischer D E. et al . Results from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy/U.S. Food and Drug Administration collaborative study on complication rates and drug use during gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;  37 421-427
  • 125 Basu S, Krishnamurthy B, Walsh T H. Value of fentanyl in flexible sigmoidoscopy.  World J Surg. 2004;  28 930-934
  • 126 Ishido S, Kinoshita Y, Kitajima N. et al . Fentanyl for sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;  38 689-692
  • 127 Akcaboy Z N, Akcaboy E Y, Albayrak D. et al . Can remifentanil be a better choice than propofol for colonoscopy during monitored anesthesia care?.  Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006;  50 736-741
  • 128 Green S M, Li J. Ketamine in adults: what emergency physicians need to know about patient selection and emergence reactions.  Acad Emerg Med. 2000;  7 278-281
  • 129 White P F, Way W L, Trevor A J. Ketamine – its pharmacology and therapeutic uses.  Anesthesiology. 1982;  56 119-136
  • 130 Aggarwal A, Ganguly S, Anand V K. et al . Efficacy and safety of intravenous ketamine for sedation and analgesia during pediatric endoscopic procedures.  Indian Pediatr. 1998;  35 1211-1214
  • 131 Gilger M A, Spearman R S, Dietrich C L. et al . Safety and effectiveness of ketamine as a sedative agent for pediatric GI endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;  59 659-663
  • 132 Rosing C, Trinkl W, Rosing K. et al . Midazolam plus ketamine as premedication for colonoscopies. A double-blind, randomized study.  Med Klin. 1991;  86 190-193
  • 133 Ong W C, Santosh D, Lakhtakia S. et al . A randomized controlled trial on use of propofol alone versus propofol with midazolam, ketamine, and pentazocine „sedato-analgesic cocktail” for sedation during ERCP.  Endoscopy. 2007;  39 807-812
  • 134 Saunders B P, Fukumoto M, Halligan S. et al . Patient-administered nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation provides effective sedation and analgesia for colonoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;  40 418-421
  • 135 Forbes G M, Collins B J. Nitrous oxide for colonoscopy: a randomized controlled study.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;  51 271-277
  • 136 Maslekar S K, Hughes M, Skinn E. et al . Randomised controlled trial of sedation for colonoscopy:entonox versus intravenous sedation.  Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2006;  63 (5) AB97-AB 97 S
  • 137 Mui W L, Kwong W H, Li A C. et al . Premedication with intravenous ketorolac trometamol (Toradol) in colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;  100 2669-2673
  • 138 Lieberman D A, Wuerker C K, Katon R M. Cardiopulmonary risk of esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Role of endoscope diameter and systemic sedation.  Gastroenterology. 1985;  88 468-472
  • 139 Mizuno J, Matsuki M, Gouda Y. et al . Sedation with intravenous midazolam during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy – changes in hemodynamics, oxygen saturation and memory.  Masui. 2003;  52 976-980
  • 140 Oei-Lim V L, Kalkman C J, Makkes P C. et al . Patient-controlled versus anesthesiologist-controlled conscious sedation with propofol for dental treatment in anxious patients.  Anesth Analg. 1998;  86 967-972
  • 141 Ristikankare M, Julkunen R, Heikkinen M. et al . Sedation, topical pharyngeal anesthesia and cardiorespiratory safety during gastroscopy.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;  40 899-905
  • 142 Boldy D A, Lever L R, Unwin P R. et al . Sedation for endoscopy: midazolam or diazepam and pethidine?.  Br J Anaesth. 1988;  61 698-701
  • 143 Milligan K R, Howe J P, McLoughlin J. et al . Midazolam sedation for outpatient fibreoptic endoscopy: evaluation of alfentanil supplementation.  Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1988;  70 304-306
  • 144 Radaelli F, Meucci G, Terruzzi V. et al . Single bolus of midazolam versus bolus midazolam plus meperidine for colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized, double- blind trial.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 329-335
  • 145 Paspatis G A, Manolaraki M, Xirouchakis G. et al . Synergistic sedation with midazolam and propofol versus midazolam and pethidine in colonoscopies: a prospective, randomized study.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;  97 1963-1967
  • 146 Seifert H, Schmitt T H, Gultekin T. et al . Sedation with propofol plus midazolam versus propofol alone for interventional endoscopic procedures: a prospective, randomized study.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;  14 1207-1214
  • 147 DiPalma J A, Herrera J L, Weis F R. et al . Alfentanil for conscious sedation during colonoscopy.  South Med J. 1995;  88 630-634
  • 148 Moerman A T, Struys M M, Vereecke H E. et al . Remifentanil used to supplement propofol does not improve quality of sedation during spontaneous respiration.  J Clin Anesth. 2004;  16 237-243
  • 149 Rembacken B J, Axon A T. The role of pethidine in sedation for colonoscopy.  Endoscopy. 1995;  27 244-247
  • 150 VanNatta M E, Rex D K. Propofol alone titrated to deep sedation versus propofol in combination with opioids and/or benzodiazepines and titrated to moderate sedation for colonoscopy.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 2209-2217
  • 151 Cordruwisch W, Doroschko M, Wurbs D. Deep sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopic interventions: safety and reliability of a combination of midazolam and propofol.  Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2000;  125 619-622
  • 152 Mui L M, Ng E K, Chan K C. et al . Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of intravenously administered hyoscine N-butyl bromide in patients undergoing colonoscopy with patient-controlled sedation.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;  59 22-27
  • 153 Vargo J J, Holub J L, Faigel D O. et al . Risk factors for cardiopulmonary events during propofol-mediated upper endoscopy and colonoscopy.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;  24 955-963
  • 154 Iber F L, Sutberry M, Gupta R. et al . Evaluation of complications during and after conscious sedation for endoscopy using pulse oximetry.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1993;  39 620-625
  • 155 Thompson A M, Park K G, Kerr F. et al . Safety of fibreoptic endoscopy: analysis of cardiorespiratory events.  Br J Surg. 1992;  79 1046-1049
  • 156 Assy N, Rosser B G, Grahame G R. et al . Risk of sedation for upper GI endoscopy exacerbating subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;  49 690-694
  • 157 Vasudevan A E, Goh K L, Bulgiba A M. Impairment of psychomotor responses after conscious sedation in cirrhotic patients undergoing therapeutic upper GI endoscopy.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;  97 1717-1721
  • 158 Muravchick S. Anesthesia for the geriatric patient.  Clinical Anesthesia. 2001;  1205-1216
  • 159 Qureshi W A, Zuckerman M J, Adler D G. et al . ASGE guideline: modifications in endoscopic practice for the elderly.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;  63 566-569
  • 160 Darling E. Practical considerations in sedating the elderly.  Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 1997;  9 371-380
  • 161 Dhariwal A, Plevris J N, Lo N T. et al . Age, anemia, and obesity-associated oxygen desaturation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;  38 684-688
  • 162 Scholer S G, Schafer D F, Potter J F. The effect of age on the relative potency of midazolam and diazepam for sedation in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 1990;  12 145-147
  • 163 Hamdy N A, Kennedy H J, Nicholl J. et al . Sedation for gastroscopy: a comparative study of midazolam and Diazemuls in patients with and without cirrhosis.  Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;  22 643-647
  • 164 Riphaus A, Lechowicz I, Porth J. et al . Sedierung mit Propofol für endoskopische Interventionen bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose. Ein alternatives Verfahren, um die Exacerbation einer subklinischen hepatischen Encephalopathie zu verhindern. Eine randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie.  Z- Gastroenterol. 2007;  45 784
  • 165 Heuss L T, Schnieper P, Drewe J. et al . Safety of propofol for conscious sedation during endoscopic procedures in high-risk patients-a prospective, controlled study.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;  98 1751-1757
  • 166 Harikumar R, Raj M, Paul A. et al . Listening to music decreases need for sedative medication during colonoscopy: a randomized, controlled trial.  Indian J Gastroenterol. 2006;  25 3-5
  • 167 Rudin D, Kiss A, Wetz R V. et al . Music in the endoscopy suite: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.  Endoscopy. 2007;  39 507-510
  • 168 Aisenberg J, Cohen L B. Sedation in endoscopic practice.  Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2006;  16 695-708
  • 169 American Medical Association. The use of pulse oximetry during conscious sedation. Council on Scientific Affairs.  JAMA. 1993;  270 1463-1468
  • 170 Conigliaro R, Rossi A. Implementation of sedation guidelines in clinical practice in Italy: results of a prospective longitudinal multicenter study.  Endoscopy. 2006;  38 1137-1143
  • 171 Eisenbacher S, Heard L. Capnography in the gastroenterology lab.  Gastroenterol Nurs. 2005;  28 99-105
  • 172 Graber R G. Propofol in the endoscopy suite: an anesthesiologist’s perspective.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;  49 803-806
  • 173 Harris J K, Froehlich F, Wietlisbach V. et al . Factors associated with the technical performance of colonoscopy: An EPAGE Study.  Dig Liver Dis. 2007;  39 678-689
  • 174 Jamieson J. Anesthesia and sedation in the endoscopy suite? (Influences and options).  Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 1999;  12 417-423
  • 175 Kulling D, Orlandi M, Inauen W. Propofol sedation during endoscopic procedures: how much staff and monitoring are necessary?.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;  66 443-449
  • 176 Leslie K, Stonell C A. Anaesthesia and sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2005;  18 431-436
  • 177 Lopez R L. Subcomite de Protocolos Of The Spanish Society Of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Seed. Sedation/analgesia guidelines for endoscopy.  Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2006;  98 685-692
  • 178 Mahoney L B, Lightdale J R. Sedation of the Pediatric and Adolescent Patient for GI Procedures.  Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2007;  10 412-421
  • 179 Moos D D, Cuddeford J D. Methemoglobinemia and benzocaine.  Gastroenterol Nurs. 2007;  30 342-345
  • 180 Morlote E B, Zweng T N, Strodel W E. Hemodynamic monitoring and pulse oximetry during percutaneous gastrostomy and jejunostomy: necessity or nuisance?.  Surg Endosc. 1991;  5 130-134
  • 181 Overley C A, Rex D K. A nursing perspective on sedation and nurse-administered propofol for endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2004;  14 325-333
  • 182 Robbertze R, Posner K L, Domino K B. Closed claims review of anesthesia for procedures outside the operating room.  Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2006;  19 436-442
  • 183 Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. Guidelines for nursing care of the patient receiving sedation and analgesia in the gastrointestinal endoscopy setting.  Gastroenterol Nurs. 1997;  20 (2) Suppl 1-6
  • 184 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Training guideline for use of propofol in gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;  60 (2) 167-172
  • 185 Vargo J J, Ahmad A S, Aslanian H R. et al . Training in patient monitoring and sedation and analgesia.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;  66 7-10
  • 186 Zebris J, Maurer W. Quality assurance in the endoscopy suite: sedation and monitoring.  Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2004;  14 415-429
  • 187 Silvermann W, Chotiprasidhi R, Chuttani J. et al . Monitoring equipment for endoscopy.  Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003;  59 (7) 761-765
  • 188 Kiesslich R, Moenk S, Reinhardt K. et al . Combined simulation training: a new concept and workshop is useful for crisis management in gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Z Gastroenterol. 2005;  43 1031-1039
  • 189 Sieg A. Propofol sedation in outpatient colonoscopy by trained practice nurses supervised by the gastroenterologist: a prospective evaluation of over 3000 cases.  Z Gastroenterol. 2007;  45 697-701
  • 190 Heuss L T, Froehlich F, Beglinger C. Changing patterns of sedation and monitoring practice during endoscopy: results of a nationwide survey in Switzerland.  Endoscopy. 2005;  37 161-166
  • 191 Froehlich F, Harris J K, Wietlisbach V. et al . Current sedation and monitoring practice for colonoscopy: an International Observational Study (EPAGE).  Endoscopy. 2006;  38 461-469
  • 192 Anderson J L, Junkins E, Pribble C. et al . Capnography and depth of sedation during propofol sedation in children.  Ann Emerg Med. 2007;  49 9-13
  • 193 Levine D A, Platt S L. Novel monitoring techniques for use with procedural sedation.  Curr Opin Pediatr. 2005;  17 351-354
  • 194 Soto R G, Fu E S, Vila Jr H. et al . Capnography accurately detects apnea during monitored anesthesia care.  Anesth Analg. 2004;  99 379-382, table
  • 195 Vargo J J, Zuccaro Jr G, Dumot J A. et al . Automated graphic assessment of respiratory activity is superior to pulse oximetry and visual assessment for the detection of early respiratory depression during therapeutic upper endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;  55 826-831
  • 196 Koniaris L G, Wilson S, Drugas G. et al . Capnographic monitoring of ventilatory status during moderate (conscious) sedation.  Surg Endosc. 2003;  17 1261-1265
  • 197 Chen S C, Rex D K. An initial investigation of bispectral monitoring as an adjunct to nurse-administered propofol sedation for colonoscopy.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;  99 1081-1086
  • 198 Drake L M, Chen S C, Rex D K. Efficacy of bispectral monitoring as an adjunct to nurse-administered propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 2003-2007
  • 199 Parzreller M, Wenk M. Aufklärung und Einwilligung bei ärztlichen Eingriffen.  Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 2007;  109 576-586
  • 200 Christopher J. Gastrointestinal Bleeding in the Elderly Patient.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;  95 590-595
  • 201 Hochberger J, Maiss J, Hahn E G. The use of simulators for training in GI endoscopy.  Endoscopy. 2002;  34 727-729
  • 202 Rieger H.-J. Zur Rechtzeitigkeit der Patientenaufklärung.  Dtsch Med Wochschr. 2003;  128 1728-1729
  • 203 Sieg A, Hachmoeller-Eisenbach U, Eisenbach T. Prospective evaluation of complications in outpatient GI endoscopy: a survey among German gastroenterologists.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;  53 620-627
  • 204 Mahajan R J, Johnson J C, Marshall J B. Predictors of patient cooperation during gastrointestinal endoscopy.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 1997;  24 220-223
  • 205 Pena L R, Mardini H E, Nickl N J. Development of an instrument to assess and predict satisfaction and poor tolerance among patients undergoing endoscopic procedures.  Dig Dis Sci. 2005;  50 1860-1871
  • 206 Lazzaroni M, Bianchi P G. Preparation, premedication, and surveillance.  Endoscopy. 2005;  37 101-109
  • 207 Laufs A, Uhlenbruck W. Handbuch des Arztrechts. 2002 3. Aufl
  • 208 Med R 41 – 42. OLG Stuttgart 1986
  • 209 MedR407 – 408. OLG Zweibrücken 1995
  • 210 Hochberger J. Die Einverständniserklärung zu endoskopischen Eingriffen. Sauerbruch T, Scheurlen C Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) zur Durchführung endoskopischer Untersuchungen Stuttgart; Demter Verlag 2002 3. erweiterte und überarbeitete Aufl: 1-11
  • 211 Hayes A, Buffum M. Educating patients after conscious sedation for gastrointestinal procedures.  Gastroenterol Nurs. 2001;  24 54-57
  • 212 Smith M R, Bell G D, Fulton B. et al . A comparison of winged steel needles and Teflon cannulas in maintaining intravenous access during gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1993;  39 33-36
  • 213 Alcain G, Guillen P, Escolar A. et al . Predictive factors of oxygen desaturation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in nonsedated patients.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;  48 143-147
  • 214 Sieg A, Theilmeier A. Results of coloscopy screening in 2005 – an Internet-based documentation.  Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2006;  131 379-383
  • 215 Jurell K R, O’Connor K W, Slack J. et al . Effect of supplemental oxygen on cardiopulmonary changes during gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;  40 665-670
  • 216 Reshef R, Shiller M, Kinberg R. et al . A prospective study evaluating the usefulness of continuous supplemental oxygen in various endoscopic procedures.  Isr J Med Sci. 1996;  32 736-740
  • 217 Wang C Y, Ling L C, Cardosa M S. et al . Hypoxia during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with and without sedation and the effect of pre- oxygenation on oxygen saturation.  Anaesthesia. 2000;  55 654-658
  • 218 Ristikankare M, Julkunen R, Mattila M. et al . Conscious sedation and cardiorespiratory safety during colonoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;  52 48-54
  • 219 Petelenz M, Gonciarz M, Macfarlane P. et al . Sympathovagal balance fluctuates during colonoscopy.  Endoscopy. 2004;  36 508-514
  • 220 Bhalla A, Sood A, Sachdeva A. et al . Cardiorespiratory compromise under conscious sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.  J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2006;  16 (9) 585-589
  • 221 Lewalter T. Notfall Herzrhythmusstörungen.  Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 2007;  104 (17) 1172-1180
  • 222 Leslie K, Tay T, Neo E. Intravenous fluid to prevent hypotension in patients undergoing elective colonoscopy.  Anaesth Intensive Care. 2006;  34 316-321
  • 223 Ristikankare M, Julkunen R, Laitinen T. et al . Effect of conscious sedation on cardiac autonomic regulation during colonoscopy.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000;  35 990-996
  • 224 Sieg A, Hachmoeller-Eisenbach U, Heisenbach T. How safe is premedication in ambulatory endoscopy in Germany.A prospective study in gastroenterology specialty practices.  Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2000;  125 1288-1293
  • 225 Royal College of Surgeons of England Commission on the Provision of Surgical Services .Report of the working party on guidelines for sedation by non- anesthetists. 1993 www.rcseng.ac.uk/fds/clinical_guidelines-31k
  • 226 Aldrete J A. The post-anesthesia recovery score revisited.  J Clin Anesth. 1995;  7 89-91
  • 227 Willey J, Vargo J J, Connor J T. et al . Quantitative assessment of psychomotor recovery after sedation and analgesia for outpatient EGD.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;  56 810-816
  • 228 Nuotto E J, Korttila K T, Lichtor J L. et al . Sedation and recovery of psychomotor function after intravenous administration of various doses of midazolam and diazepam.  Anesth Analg. 1992;  74 265-271
  • 229 Thapar P, Zacny J P, Thompson W. et al . Using alcohol as a standard to assess the degree of impairment induced by sedative and analgesic drugs used in ambulatory surgery.  Anesthesiology. 1995;  82 53-59
  • 230 Korttila K, Linnoila M. Psychomotor skills related to driving after intramuscular administration of diazepam and meperidine.  Anesthesiology. 1975;  125 619-622
  • 231 Korttila K, Linnoila M. Recovery and skills related to driving after intravenous sedation: dose-response relationship with diazepam.  Br J Anaesth. 1975;  47 457-463
  • 232 Korttila K. Recovery after intravenous sedation. A comparison of clinical and paper and pencil tests used in assessing late effects of diazepam.  Anaesthesia. 1976;  31 724-731
  • 233 Piletti R, Davis P J, Redlinger R. et al . Effect on hospital wide sedation practice after Implentation of the 2001 JCAHO procedural sedation and analgesia guidelines.  Arch Adolsec Med. 2006;  160 211-216

Dr. Andrea Riphaus

Medizinische Klinik I, Klinikum Region Hannover GmbH, Krankenhaus Siloah

Roesebeckstr. 15

30449 Hannover

Phone: ++ 49/511/9 27 22 31

Fax: ++ 49/511/9 27 26 69

Email: ariphaus@web.de

Prof. Dr. Till Wehrmann

Fachbereich Gastroenterologie, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik

Aukammallee 33

65193 Wiesbaden

Phone: ++ 49/611/57 72 12

Fax: ++ 49/611/57 74 60

Email: till.wehrmann@dkd-wiesbaden.de

    >