Zusammenfassung
Patienten, die mit der Diagnose Polytrauma auf einer Intensivstation aufgenommen werden
unterscheiden sich von anderen intensivmedizinischen Patienten sowohl durch ihre typische
verletzungsassoziierte Morbidität (diffuse Blutung, Schädel-Hirntrauma SHT, Lungenkontusion),
als auch durch die in einzelne operative Phasen gestaffelte chirurgische Versorgung.
Die Komplexität des zugrundeliegenden Krankheitsbildes, und die Komplexität des zeitlichen
Ablaufs der operativen Versorgung erfordern eine enge Koordination aller beteiligten
Fachdisziplinen. Durch ein angepaßtes Transfusions- und Substitutionsregime bei akuter
Blutung (rationale Ausschöpfung der Anämietoleranz, kalkulierte Gerinnungssubstitution),
durch die Anwendung moderner Therapiestrategien bei der Versorgung des Schädel-Hirntraumas
mit dem Ziel der Stabilisierung des cerbralen Perfusionsdruckes, und der Sicherung
einer adäquaten cerebralen Oxygenierung, sowie durch moderne Beatmungsstrategien (lungenprotektive
Beatmung, kinetische Therapie, nichtinvasive Beatmungsformen) ließ sich die perioperative
Morbidität und Mortalität polytraumatisierter Patienten in den letzten 30 Jahren deutlich
reduzieren.
Im folgenden Artikel werden die aktuellen Therapieprinzipien bei der Versorgung polytraumatisierter
Patienten auf der Intensivstation beschrieben.
Abstract:
Patients admitted to an intensive care unit with the diagnosis "polytrauma" differ
from other patients by their typical trauma-associated morbidity (diffusive bleeding,
traumatic brain injury, lung contusion), and by the staged surgical treatment of multiple
injuries.
The complexity of the clinical picture, and the complexity of the chronological order
of the operative phases require a close cooperation of the medical specialist disciplines
involved. The perioperative morbidity and mortality of polytrauma victims has been
reduced significantly within the last 30 years due to an adapted transfusion- and
substitution regime (rational utilization of anemia tolerance, calculated substitution
of coagulation factors), due to modern therapeutic regimes for the patient with traumatic
brain injury (stabilization of cerebral perfusion pressure, stabilization of adequate
cerebral oxygenation), and due to the modern therapeutic strategies of mechanical
ventilation (lung-protective ventilation, kinetic therapy, non-invasive ventilation).
The aim of this review is to describe these modern therapeutic principles of the intentensive
care unit treatment of the polytrauma patient.
Schlagworte:
Polytrauma - Transfusion - Schädel-Hirntrauma - Lungenkontusion
Key words:
polytrauma - transfusion - traumatic brain injury - lung contusion
-
Kernaussagen
-
Häufiger als andere Altersgruppen werden 20- bis 30-Jährige polytraumatisiert ins
Krankenhaus eingeliefert. Die meisten verletzen sich im Straßenverkehr - gefolgt von
Stürzen aus großer Höhe und Suizidversuchen.
-
Die Patienten imponieren ungefähr jeweils gleich häufig mit Extremitätentrauma, Schädel-Hirn-Trauma
und Thoraxtrauma. Relevante Abdominaltraumen sind relativ selten (v.a. Milz- und Leberrupturen)
-
Das Konzept der ”Damage Control” versorgt die Frakturen polytraumatisierter Patienten
schrittweise, um die Einflüsse der chirurgischen Traumatisierung zu minimieren.
-
Akute Blutverluste werden nicht sofort mit Erythrozyten-Transfusionen beantwortet,
sondern zunächst durch Infusion von Kristalloiden und Kolloiden therapiert. Bis heute
herrscht Uneinigkeit über das optimale Volumenersatzmittel.
-
Erst bei extremer Hämodilution (Hb <3g/dl) reicht das O2-Angebot nicht mehr aus, um den O2-Bedarf des Organismus zu decken.
-
Die Verdünnungsanämie betrifft auch das Gerinnungssystem. Hier können Störungen auch
durch Hypothermie, disseminierte intravasale Gerinnung und gesteigerte Fibrinolyseaktivität
verkompliziert werden, sodass ausgeprägte Blutungen eine Substitution von Gerinnungsfaktoren
notwendig machen.
-
Primäre Hirnschädigungen sind nicht behandelbar, sekundäre Hirnschädigungen lassen
sich durch den Ausschluss systemischer Hypoxien und durch Aufrechterhaltung eines
adäquaten zerebralen Perfusionsdruckes mindern.
-
Zur Senkung des ICP tragen die 30-Grad-Oberkörperhochlagerung und eine achsengerechte
Kopflagerung bei. Mannitol kann den ICP kurzfristig effektiv senken. Von einer generellen
langfristigen Hyperventilation ist bei SHT-Patienten abzusehen.
-
Letzte Behandlungsmöglichkeit einer therapierefraktären intrazerebralen Hypertension
ist die dekompressive Kraniotomie [64]. Kortikosteroide haben heute zu keinem Zeitpunkt mehr einen Stellenwert in der Therapie
des erhöhten Hirndruckes.
-
Da es bei Polytraumatisierten oft mit Lungenschäden eingeliefert werden, führt die
Beatmung in kontinuierlicher Rückenlage zu Belüftungsstörungen. Vor allem in den posterobasalen
Lungenpartien bilden sich dann ödematöse und atelektatische Lungenverdichtungen.
-
Diese Areale lassen sich meist nur unzureichend über die Erhöhung von PEEP und Tidalvolumen
rekrutieren. Mit Hilfe der kinetischen Therapie ist es möglich, den Pathomechanismus
ohne gesteigerte Invasivität des Beatmungsmusters zu erhöhen.
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Dr. med. Jens Meier
Email: meier@em.uni-frankfurt.de
Prof. Dr. med. Oliver Habler