Zusammenfassung
In der Schmerztherapie sind die chronobiologischen Variablen zirkadianer Schmerzrhythmus,
tagesrhythmische Analgetikawirkung und individueller tagesrhythmischer Analgetikabedarf
zu beachten. Die Vielzahl der Untersuchungen zur Chronobiologie des Schmerzes ergibt
kein einheitliches Bild. Es bedarf weiterer Arbeiten mit standardisiertem Protokoll,
um Erkrankungen, Schmerzursachen und der analgetischen Wirkung von Opioiden einheitlichere
rhythmische Muster zuordnen zu können. Es ist deutlich, dass jeder Patient Schmerz
und dessen Intensität im Verlauf des Tages individuell wahrnimmt. Mit der Gabe von
Analgetika in konstanter oder kontinuierlicher Dosierung werden zeitliche Schwankungen
in der Schmerzempfindung ignoriert und eine große Zahl chronobiologischer Studien
unbeachtet gelassen, die den Einfluss biologischer Rhythmen auf die Pharmakokinetik
und -dynamik von Analgetika nachweisen. Da unterschiedliche Schmerzen unterschiedliche
Rhythmen aufweisen, d. h. die jeweiligen höchsten Schmerzintensitäten zu unterschiedlichen
Tageszeiten auftreten, sollte darauf mit flexiblen Gaben von Analgetika reagiert werden.
Es ist zudem wichtig, dass die medikamentöse Therapie individuell am Schmerzrhythmus
des Patienten sowie an Art und Ursache des Schmerzes angepasst werden kann. Gerade
starke und stärkste Schmerzen bedürfen eines besonders sorgsamen Umgangs mit der Therapie.
Eine flexible Dosierung je nach Schmerzstärke und eine schnelle Dosisanpassung sind
in der modernen Schmerztherapie unverzichtbar. Von daher eignen sich Opioide, die
gut steuerbar und flexibel einsetzbar sind, besser, um den individuellen Schmerz der
Patienten behandeln zu können, als starre Therapieschemata z. B. mit ultraretardierter
oraler oder transdermaler Galenik.
Abstract
In pain therapy the chronobiological parameters circadian pain rhythm, circadian efficacy
of analgesics and individual circadian need of analgesics should be considered. The
results of multiple studies in chronobiology are not consistent indeed. Therefore,
further studies with standardised protocols are needed that allow assigning more consistent
rhythms to diseases, pain causes and analgesic efficacy of opioids. Considerably,
each patient perceives pain and its intensity individually during the time of the
day. By administration of analgesics over a constant or continuous dosage, time fluctuations
in pain perception and multiple studies in chronobiology are ignored that prove the
influence of biological rhythms on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of analgesics.
As different types of pain show different rhythms (highest pain intensities arising
at different times of the day) analgesics have to be dosed flexibly. Also very important
is that drug therapy can be adjusted individually to the pain rhythm of the patient
as well as to the type and cause of pain. Especially in severe pain, therapy should
be particularly careful. A flexible dosage depending on pain intensity and a fast
dose adjustment are essentials of a modern pain therapy. Therefore, opioids that are
well assessable and flexible to use are better suited to treat the individual pain
of the patient than rigid ultra-long released oral or transdermal systems.
Schlüsselwörter
Schmerzbehandlung - Chronobiologie - zirkadianer Rhythmus - starke und stärkste Schmerzen
- Opioidanalgetika
Key words
pain therapy - chronobiology - circadian rhythm - severe pain - opioid analgesics
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Dr. med. Uwe Junker
Sana-Klinikum Remscheid, Abteilung für Spezielle Schmerztherapie und Palliativmedizin
Burger Straße 211
42859 Remscheid
Phone: 02191/13/5100, mobil: 0173/2343154
Fax: 02191/13/5109
Email: u.junker@sana-klinikum-remscheid.de