Horm Metab Res 2007; 39(5): 389-394
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-976545
Original Clinical

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Effects of Solid versus Liquid Meal-replacement Products of Similar Energy Content on Hunger, Satiety, and Appetite-regulating Hormones in Older Adults

S. M. Tieken 1 , H. J. Leidy 2 , A. J. Stull 2 , R. D. Mattes 2 , R. A. Schuster 2 , W. W. Campbell 2
  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
  • 2Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Further Information

Publication History

received 5. 10. 2006

accepted 19. 12. 2006

Publication Date:
29 May 2007 (online)

Abstract

Objective: To examine whether solid versus liquid meal-replacement products differentially affect appetite and appetite-regulating hormones in older adults.

Methods: On two occasions, 9 subjects (age: 61±3 years; BMI: 25.6±1.3 kg/m2) consumed 25% of daily energy needs as solid or liquid meal-replacements of similar energy contents. Blood and appetite ratings were collected over 4 hours.

Results: The post-prandial hunger composite (area under the curve) was lower following the solid versus liquid meal-replacement (p<0.005) and remained below baseline over 4 hours (p<0.05). Similar responses were observed with the desire to eat. The insulin and ghrelin composites were lower following the solid trial compared to the liquid [insulin: 5825 (range: 4676-11639) vs. 7170 (4472-14169) uIU/l·240 min, p<0.01; ghrelin: -92798 (range: -269130-47528) vs. -56152 (range: -390855-30840) pg/ml·240 min, p<0.05]. Ghrelin also remained below baseline over 4 hours (p<0.05). No differences in cholecystokinin and leptin were observed between products.

Conclusion: The consumption of comparable meal-replacement products in solid versus liquid versions with similar energy contents led to differential appetitive responses and should not be viewed as dietary equivalents in older adults.

References

  • 1 Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960-1994.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;  22 39-47
  • 2 MacIntosh C, Morley JE, Chapman IM. The anorexia of aging.  Nutrition. 2000;  16 983-995
  • 3 Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004.  JAMA. 2006;  295 1549-1555
  • 4 Yeh SS, Schuster MW. Geriatric cachexia: the role of cytokines.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;  70 183-197
  • 5 Heymsfield SB, van Mierlo CA, van der Knaap HC, Heo M, Frier HI. Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;  27 537-549
  • 6 Flechtner-Mors M, Ditschuneit HH, Johnson TD, Suchard MA, Adler G. Metabolic and weight loss effects of long-term dietary intervention in obese patients: four-year results.  Obes Res. 2000;  8 399-402
  • 7 Ditschuneit HH, Flechtner-Mors M, Johnson TD, Adler G. Metabolic and weight-loss effects of a long-term dietary intervention in obese patients.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;  69 198-204
  • 8 Rolls BJ, Dimeo KA, Shide DJ. Age-related impairments in the regulation of food intake.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;  62 923-931
  • 9 Wouters-Wesseling W, Van Hooijdonk C, Wagenaar L, Bindels J, de Groot L, Van Staveren W. The effect of a liquid nutrition supplement on body composition and physical functioning in elderly people.  Clin Nutr. 2003;  22 371-377
  • 10 Payette H, Boutier V, Coulombe C, Gray-Donald K. Benefits of nutritional supplementation in free-living, frail, undernourished elderly people: a prospective randomized community trial.  J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;  102 1088-1095
  • 11 Mattes RD, Rothacker D. Beverage viscosity is inversely related to postprandial hunger in humans.  Physiol Behav. 2001;  74 551-557
  • 12 Leathwood P, Pollet P. Effects of slow release carbohydrates in the form of bean flakes on the evolution of hunger and satiety in man.  Appetite. 1988;  10 1-11
  • 13 Wynne K, Stanley S, McGowan B, Bloom S. Appetite control.  J Endocrinol. 2005;  184 291-318
  • 14 Pliquett RU, Fuhrer D, Falk S, Zysset S, von Cramon DY, Stumvoll M. The effects of insulin on the central nervous system - focus on appetite regulation.  Horm Metab Res. 2006;  38 442-446
  • 15 Green BG, Dalton P, Cowart B, Shaffer G, Rankin K, Higgins J. Evaluating the ‘Labeled Magnitude Scale’ for measuring sensations of taste and smell.  Chem Senses. 1996;  21 323-334
  • 16 Harris JA, Benedict FG. A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Institute of Washington 1919
  • 17 Sepple CP, Read NW. Gastrointestinal correlates of the development of hunger in man.  Appetite. 1989;  13 183-191
  • 18 Rothacker DQ, Watemberg S. Short-term hunger intensity changes following ingestion of a meal replacement bar for weight control.  Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2004;  55 223-226
  • 19 Almiron-Roig E, Flores SY, Drewnowski A. No difference in satiety or in subsequent energy intakes between a beverage and a solid food.  Physiol Behav. 2004;  82 671-677
  • 20 Erdmann J, Topsch R, Lippl F, Gussmann P, Schusdziarra V. Postprandial response of plasma ghrelin levels to various test meals in relation to food intake, plasma insulin, and glucose.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;  89 3048-3054
  • 21 Bowen J, Noakes M, Clifton PM. Appetite regulatory hormone responses to various dietary proteins differ by body mass index status despite similar reductions in ad libitum energy intake.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;  91 2913-2919
  • 22 Tannous dit El Khoury D, Obeid O, Azar ST, Hwalla N. Variations in postprandial ghrelin status following ingestion of high-carbohydrate, high-fat, and high-protein meals in males.  Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;  50 260-269
  • 23 Nedvidkova J, Krykorkova I, Bartak V, Papezova H, Gold PW, Alesci S. et al . Loss of meal-induced decrease in plasma ghrelin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;  88 1678-1682
  • 24 Bourdon I, Olson B, Backus R, Richter BD, Davis PA, Schneeman BO. Beans, as a source of dietary fiber, increase cholecystokinin and apolipoprotein b48 response to test meals in men.  J Nutr. 2001;  131 1485-1490
  • 25 Weigle DS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, Callahan HS, Meeuws KE, Burden VR. et al . A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;  82 41-48
  • 26 Bell EA, Castellanos VH, Pelkman CL, Thorwart ML, Rolls BJ. Energy density of foods affects energy intake in normal-weight women.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;  67 412-420
  • 27 Noakes M, Foster PR, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Meal replacements are as effective as structured weight-loss diets for treating obesity in adults with features of metabolic syndrome.  J Nutr. 2004;  134 1894-1899

Correspondence

H. J. Leidy

Purdue University

700 West State Street

West Lafayette

IN 47907

Phone: +1/765/494 83 13

Fax: +1/765/494 06 74

Email: hleidy@purdue.edu