Ballaststoffe, glykämischer Index und Diabetesprävention

Zusammenfassung

Übergewicht und Adipositas und in der Folge Insulinresistenz, Typ-2-Diabetes und kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen nehmen weltweit stark zu. Während unumstritten ist, dass eine dauerhaft erhöhte Energiezufuhr bei gleichzeitig zu geringem Energieverbrauch zu Übergewicht führt, ist die Bedeutung einzelner Ernährungsfaktoren für diese Entwicklung weniger gut untersucht. Obwohl die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen noch weitgehend ungeklärt sind, scheint eine hohe Zufuhr von Ballaststoffen günstige Wirkungen auf verschiedene Stoffwechselparameter zu haben und ist in einer großen Anzahl von Studien mit einem verringerten Risiko für das Auftreten von Typ-2-Diabetes und kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen assoziiert. Allerdings scheint es Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Ballaststoffsorten zu geben. In dieser Übersicht diskutieren wir die aufgrund von Interventions- und Observationsstudien aktuell verfügbare Datenlage bezüglich des Stellenwertes von unlöslichen und löslichen Ballaststoffen sowie des häufig im Kontext genannten glykämischen Index in der Diabetesprävention.

Abstract

The dramatic increase in overweight and obesity worldwide is associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. There is consent that a chronic increase in energy intake together with inadequately low energy expenditure will lead to increased body weight and fat mass. However, the role of specific dietary factors in this process is less clear. A high intake of dietary fibre is associated with beneficial effects on various metabolic markers, as well as reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, there appear to be important differences between soluble and insoluble dietary fibres, and the molecular mechanisms leading to the observed effects are largely unknown. In this review we discuss both recently published intervention studies that investigated effects of dietary fibres on metabolic parameters, and data obtained from large prospective cohort studies. The role of the glycemic index, which is often discussed in the context of high fiber intake will be further addressed in this review.

Schlüsselwörter

Ballaststoffe - glykämischer Index - Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 - Insulinresistenz - kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen

Key words

dietary fibre - glycemic index - type 2 diabetes - insulin resistance - cardiovascular disease

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