Zusammenfassung
Übergewicht und Adipositas und in der Folge Insulinresistenz, Typ-2-Diabetes und kardiovaskuläre
Erkrankungen nehmen weltweit stark zu. Während unumstritten ist, dass eine dauerhaft
erhöhte Energiezufuhr bei gleichzeitig zu geringem Energieverbrauch zu Übergewicht
führt, ist die Bedeutung einzelner Ernährungsfaktoren für diese Entwicklung weniger
gut untersucht. Obwohl die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen noch weitgehend ungeklärt
sind, scheint eine hohe Zufuhr von Ballaststoffen günstige Wirkungen auf verschiedene
Stoffwechselparameter zu haben und ist in einer großen Anzahl von Studien mit einem
verringerten Risiko für das Auftreten von Typ-2-Diabetes und kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen
assoziiert. Allerdings scheint es Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Ballaststoffsorten
zu geben. In dieser Übersicht diskutieren wir die aufgrund von Interventions- und
Observationsstudien aktuell verfügbare Datenlage bezüglich des Stellenwertes von unlöslichen
und löslichen Ballaststoffen sowie des häufig im Kontext genannten glykämischen Index
in der Diabetesprävention.
Abstract
The dramatic increase in overweight and obesity worldwide is associated with insulin
resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. There is consent that a chronic
increase in energy intake together with inadequately low energy expenditure will lead
to increased body weight and fat mass. However, the role of specific dietary factors
in this process is less clear. A high intake of dietary fibre is associated with beneficial
effects on various metabolic markers, as well as reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and
cardiovascular disease. However, there appear to be important differences between
soluble and insoluble dietary fibres, and the molecular mechanisms leading to the
observed effects are largely unknown. In this review we discuss both recently published
intervention studies that investigated effects of dietary fibres on metabolic parameters,
and data obtained from large prospective cohort studies. The role of the glycemic
index, which is often discussed in the context of high fiber intake will be further
addressed in this review.
Schlüsselwörter
Ballaststoffe - glykämischer Index - Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 - Insulinresistenz -
kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen
Key words
dietary fibre - glycemic index - type 2 diabetes - insulin resistance - cardiovascular
disease
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Dr. med. Martin O. Weickert
Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Abteilung Klinische Ernährung
Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114 - 116
Potsdam-Rehbruecke
14558 Nuthetal
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