Zusammenfassung
Die kontinuierliche Positiv-Drucktherapie (CPAP) stellt den goldenen Standard in der
Therapie des obstruktiven Schlafapnoesyndroms (OSAS) dar. Zur besseren Anpassung des
vom Gerät applizierten Therapiedruckes an den Bedarf des Patienten und damit zur Verbesserung
der Patientencompliance wurden automatische CPAP-Geräte (APAP) entwickelt. Sie messen
verschiedene Parameter, zu denen der Atemfluss, das Flattening der inspiratorischen
Flusskontur, das Schnarchen, die Generatorgeschwindigkeit und die Impedanz der oberen
Atemwege gehören, und passen auf dieser Basis den Therapiedruck entsprechend der aktuellen
Obstruktion an. Die APAP-Geräte haben sich in der Behandlung der respiratorischen
Störungen, in der Verbesserung des Schlafprofils und der Selbsteinschätzung der Patienten
als effektiv erwiesen. Darin unterschieden sie sich nicht vom konstanten CPAP, reduzieren
jedoch den mittleren Therapiedruck substantiell. Zwar konnte bisher eine Verbesserung
der Patientencompliance nicht zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen werden, doch bevorzugen die
meisten Patienten APAP gegenüber konstantem CPAP. Die APAP-Geräte werden mit unterschiedlichen
Algorithmen betrieben, abhängig vom Anwendungsziel. Daher ist eine klare Unterscheidung
zwischen automatischer Titration und automatischer Therapie von großer Bedeutung.
Während Titrationsgeräte darauf abzielen, ein einzelnes Druckniveau zu finden, das
anschließend an einem konstanten CPAP-Gerät fest eingestellt wird, bedeutet automatische
Therapie den dauerhaften Gebrauch eines selbstanpassenden Gerätes zu Hause. Indikationen
für die automatische CPAP-Therapie stellen ein hoher konstanter CPAP-Druck, eine große
Druckvariabilität und Complianceschwierigkeiten unter konstanter CPAP-Therapie dar.
Der Vorteil der automatischen gegenüber der manuellen Drucktitration ist die Standardisierung
der Therapieeinleitung und Druckfindung.
Abstract
Although continuous airway pressure therapy (CPAP) represents the standard treatment
for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) auto-adjusting CPAP (APAP) devices were
developed which adapt the treatment pressure to the actual requirement of the patients.
The aim of automatic CPAP therapy is to improve the patients’ acceptance of positive
pressure treatment. The devices react to respiratory flow, flattening of the inspiratory
flow contour, snoring, generator speed or the upper airway impedance. In recent years
several studies showed that auto CPAP effectively treats respiratory disturbances,
improves sleep profile and the self-assessment of the patients equally as good as
the gold standard constant CPAP. Moreover, APAP reduces the treatment pressure substantially.
Although an improvement of the patient’s compliance has not consistently been proven,
most patients prefer APAP versus constant CPAP. APAP devices use different algorithms
depending on the primary purpose of the application. Therefore, a clear distinction
between automatic titration and treatment is of major relevance. While titration devices
aim at the finding of one single pressure which is fixed to a constant CPAP device,
automatic treatment means the chronic use of APAP at home for optimal adaptation of
the treatment pressure to the actual requirements of the patient. A high constant
CPAP level, huge pressure variability, insufficient compliance with constant CPAP
may be indications for APAP treatment. The main reason for automatic titration is
the standardisation of the initiation process.
Literatur
1 Randerath W. Automatic Positive Airway Pressure Titration and Treatment. In: Randerath
W, Sanner B, Somers V (Hrsg). Sleep Apnea - Current Diagnosis and Treatment, Progress
in Respiratory Research. Basel: Karger 2006 Vol. 35: pp 137-144
2
Sullivan C E, Issa F G, Berthon-Jones M. et al .
Reversal of obstructive sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure applied
through the nares.
Lancet.
1981;
1 (8225)
862-865
3
Sharma S, Wali S, Pouliot Z. et al .
Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with a self-titrating continuous positive airway
pressure (CPAP) system.
Sleep.
1996;
19 (6)
497-501
4
Behbehani K, Yen F C, Lucas E A. et al .
A sleep laboratory evaluation of an automatic positive airway pressure system for
treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.
Sleep.
1998;
21 (5)
485-491
5
d’Ortho M P, Grillier-Lanoir V, Levy P. et al .
Constant vs. automatic continuous positive airway pressure therapy: home evaluation.
Chest.
2000;
118 (4)
1010-1017
6
Lloberes P, Ballester E, Montserrat J M. et al .
Comparison of manual and automatic CPAP titration in patients with sleep apnea/hypopnea
syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1996;
154 (6 Pt 1)
1755-1758
7
Randerath W, Galetke W, David M. et al .
Prospective randomized comparison of impedance-controlled auto-CPAP (APAPFOT) with
constant CPAP.
Sleep Medicine.
2001;
2
115-124
8
Randerath W J, Parys K, Feldmeyer F. et al .
Self-adjusting nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy based on measurement
of impedance: A comparison of two different maximum pressure levels.
Chest.
1999;
116
991-999
9
Stradling J R, Barbour C, Pitson D J. et al .
Automatic nasal continuous positive airway pressure titration in the laboratory: patient
outcomes.
Thorax.
1997;
52(1)
72-75
10
Teschler H, Berthon-Jones M, Thompson A B. et al .
Automated continuous positive airway pressure titration for obstructive sleep apnea
syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1996;
154
734-7404
11
Berry R B, Parish J M, Hartse K M.
The use of auto-titrating continuous positive airway pressure for treatment of adult
obstructive sleep apnea. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review.
Sleep.
2002;
25
148-173
12
Ficker J H, Fuchs F S, Wiest G H. et al .
An auto-continuous positive airway pressure device controlled exclusively by the forced
oscillation technique.
Eur Respir J.
2000;
16
914-920
13
Farre R, Rotger M, Montserrat J M. et al .
A system to generate simultaneous forced oscillation and continuous positive airway
pressure.
Eur Respir J.
1997;
10 (6)
1349-1353
14 Hoster M, Schlenker E, Raddatz M. et al .Oszillatorische Impedanz, Ösophagusddruck
und Atemfluss bei Stenoseatmung. Modell für die extrathorakale Obstruktion. In: Ruhle
KH (ed): Oszillatorische Impedanz beischlafbezogenen Atemregulationsstörungen. Stuttgart,
New York: Thieme 1996: pp. 13-18
15
Farre R, Montserrat J M, Rigau J. et al .
Response of automatic continuous positive airway pressure devices to different sleep
breathing patterns: a bench study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2002;
166 (4)
469-473
16
Rigau J, Montserrat J M, Wohrle H. et al .
Bench model to simulate upper airway obstruction for analyzing automatic continuous
positive airway pressure devices.
Chest.
2006;
130 (2)
350-361
17
Stammnitz A, Jerrentrup A, Penzel T. et al .
Automatic CPAP titration with different self-setting devices in patients with obstructive
sleep apnoea.
Eur Respir J.
2004;
24 (2)
273-278
18
Galetke W, Randerath W, Gillissen A. et al .
Automatic nCPAP-therapy based on forced oscillation technique and flow in patients
with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2005;
2
A766
19
Randerath W J, Schraeder O, Galetke W. et al .
Autoadjusting CPAP therapy based on impedance efficacy, compliance and acceptance.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2001;
163 (3 Pt 1)
652-657
20
Hudgel D W, Fung C.
A long-term randomized crossover comparison of auto-titrating and standard nasal continuous
positive airway pressure.
Sleep.
2000;
23
1-4
21
Marrone O, Insalaco G, Salvaggio A. et al .
Role of different nocturnal monitorings in the evaluation of CPAP titration by autoCPAP
devices.
Respir Med.
2005;
99(3)
313-320
22
Massie C A, McArdle N, Hart R W. et al .
Comparison between automatic and fixed positive airway pressure therapy in the home.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2003;
167 (1)
20-23
23
Meurice J C, Marc I, Series F.
Efficacy of auto-CPAP in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1996;
153
794-798
24
Randerath W, Galetke W, Rühle K H.
Auto-adjusting CPAP based on impedance versus bilevel pressure in difficult-to-treat
sleep apnea syndrome: a prospective randomized crossover study.
Med Sci Monit.
2003;
9
353-358
25
Ayas N T, Patel S R, Malhotra A. et al .
Auto-titrating versus standard continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment
of obstructive sleep apnea: results of a meta-analysis.
Sleep.
2004;
27 (2)
249-253
26
Randerath W, Rocholl C, Feldmeyer F. et al .
Variability of the treatment pressure under continuous positive airway pressure treatment
in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Pneumologie..
2002;
56 (7)
425-431
27
Reeves-Hoché M K, Hudgel D W, Meck R. et al .
Continuous versus bilevel positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1995;
151
443-449
28
Juhasz J, Schillen J, Urbigkeit A. et al .
Unattended continuous positive airway pressure titration. Clinical relevance and cardiorespiratory
hazards of the method.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1996;
154 (2 Pt 1)
359-365
29
Marrone O, Resta O, Salvaggio A. et al .
Preference for fixed or automatic CPAP in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Sleep Med.
2004;
5 (3)
247-251
30
Littner M, Hirshkowitz M, Davila D. et al .
Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine: Practice
parameters for the use of auto-titrating continuous positive airway pressure devices
for titrating pressures and treating adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report.
Sleep.
2002 15;;
25 (2)
143-147
1 Dieser Artikel beruht auf dem Beitrag „Randerath W.: Automatic Positive Airway Pressure
Titration and Treatment” in „Randerath W, Sanner B, Somers V (Hrsg): Sleep Apnea -
Current Diagnosis and Treatment”, Progress in Respiratory Research, Karger, Basel,
2006, Vol. 35, pp 137-144 [1 ].
Prof. Dr. med. Winfried J. Randerath
Institut für Pneumologie an der Universität Witten/Herdecke, Klinik für Pneumologie
und Allergologie · Zentrum für Schlaf- und Beatmungsmedizin, Krankenhaus Bethanien
Aufderhöher Straße 169-175
42699 Solingen
Email: Randerath@klinik-bethanien.de