Die Exazerbation der COPD (chronisch-obstruktive Lungenerkrankung) ist als akute potentiell
lebensbedrohliche Verschlechterung definiert, die eine Therapieänderung erforderlich
macht. Häufigste Ursachen der Exazerbationen sind virale und/oder bakterielle Atemwegsinfektionen.
Klinisch kommt es zu einer Zunahme von Husten, Auswurf und Atemnot. Die Exazerbation
wird mit Bronchodilatatoren, insbesondere β2Sympathomimetika und/oder Anticholinergika, aber auch Theophyllin, und mit systemischen
Kortikosteroiden behandelt. Besteht zum Beispiel bei putridem Auswurf der begründete
Verdacht eines zugrunde liegenden bakteriellen Infektes, ergibt sich hieraus die Indikation
zur antimikrobiellen Therapie. Diese wird initial in der Regel kalkuliert durchgeführt
und muss bei der Antibiotikaauswahl das wahrscheinlich vorliegende Keimspektrum berücksichtigen.
Im Notfall ist eine zusätzliche Sauerstoffgabe obligat. Nicht-invasive und invasive
Beatmungsverfahren ergänzen die nicht-pharmakologischen Therapieoptionen.
Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in essence are defined
by the patient as being in a worse state than usual requiring an escalation of the
medication and strengthening patient care. Increased breathlessness as well as sputum
purulence and cough are of cardinal symptoms. Viral and bacterial infections are the
most frequently identified precipitants of COPD exacerbations. Pharmacologic interventions
consist primarily of the therapy with high doses of short-acting β2-agonists, short-acting anticholinergics, xanthines, and systemic corticosteroids.
Increasing sputum purulence may indicate a bacterial infection in which antibiotics
have been proven clinically succesful. Patient stratification should be done as a
predictor for gram-positive or gram-negative infection. The stratification of patients
allows a graded response in terms of the empiric therapy regime selected. In an emergency
situation oxygen supplementation therapy is obligatory. Non-invasive and invasive
ventilation are in hypercapnic patients indicated when respiratory failure occurs
despite pharmacological treatment measures.
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Anschrift des Verfassers
Prof. Dr. med. Adrian Gillissen
Robert-Koch-Klinik, Thoraxzentrum des Klinikums, St. Georg gGmbH
Nikolai-Rumjanzew-Str. 100
04207 Leipzig
Phone: 0341-4231-202
Fax: 0341-4231-203
Email: adrian.gillissen@sanktgeorg.de