Zusammenfassung
In der Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management
and Avoidance (CHARISMA) Studie war die Kombination von Clopidogrel plus Aspirin einer
Monotherapie mit Aspirin in der Primär- und Sekundärprävention vaskulärer Ereignisse
nicht überlegen. In Zukunft könnte Rimonabant, ein Cannabinoid-Rezeptorblocker, eine
wichtige Rolle spielen. Diese Substanz reduziert das Körpergewicht, führt zu einer
Abnahme der Triglyzeride und erhöht die Konzentration von HDL-Cholesterin. Ob die
Substanz auch in der Schlaganfallprävention wirksam ist, wird im Moment untersucht.
In der Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular
Events (ACTIVE-W) Studie war eine Kombination von Clopidogrel plus Aspirin einer oralen
Antikoagulation bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern unterlegen. Standard zur Schlaganfallprävention
bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern und Risikofaktoren bleibt daher die orale Antikoagulation
mit Vitamin K-Antagonisten. Sowohl das Zeitfenster wie die Altersbegrenzung für die
systemische Thrombolyse mit rekombinantem Plasminogenaktivator sind nicht mehr als
absolute Ausschlusskriterien zu betrachten. Mehrere Studien zeigten, dass eine optimale
Patientenauswahl basierend auf dem Diffusions-/Perfusions-Mismatch-Konzept in der
Kernspintomographie es erlaubt, Patienten zu identifizieren, die auch im Zeitfenster
zwischen 3 und 6 Stunden von einer systemischen Lyse profitieren. Dies gilt auch für
Schlaganfallpatienten im Alter über 80 Jahre. Eine randomisierte Studie zeigte, dass
tiefe Beinvenenthrombosen bei Patienten nach Schlaganfall und Parese im Bein durch
das niedermolekulare Heparin Certoparin mindestens genauso gut verhindert werden können
wie durch die 3-mal tägliche Gabe von unfraktioniertem Heparin. In der European/Australasian
Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial (ESPRIT) war die Kombination von Aspirin
und Dipyridamol einer Aspirin-Monotherapie in der Sekundärprävention des Schlaganfalls
eindeutig überlegen und führte nicht zu vermehrten Blutungskomplikationen. Die Stroke
Prevention by Aggressive Reduction of Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Studie zeigte, dass
eine 5-jährige Behandlung mit 80 mg Atorvastatin im Vergleich zu Plazebo zu einer
16 %-igen relativen Risikoreduktion für weitere Schlaganfälle führt. In der Stent-protected
Percutaneous Angioplasty of the Carotid vs. Endarterectomy (SPACE) Studie zeigten
die Kurzzeitergebnisse über 30 Tage keinen signifikanten Unterschied bezüglich Mortalität
und ipsilateraler Schlaganfallrate bei Patienten, die einer Karotisendarterektomie
oder einem Stenting bei hochgradiger, symptomatischer Karotisstenose unterzogen wurden.
Abstract
In the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management
and Avoidance (CHARISMA) study, the combination of clopidogrel plus aspirin was not
superior to aspirin monotherapy for the prevention of vascular events. In the future,
rimonabant, a cannabinoid-receptor antagonist, could play an important role in primary
prevention. This compound reduces body weight, lowers triglycerides, and raises HDL-cholesterol
levels. Whether it is also effective in prevention of stroke is currently being investigated.
A combination of aspirin and clopidogrel was inferior to oral anticoagulation in patients
with atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan
for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE-W). Oral anticoagulation therefore remains
the standard treatment for patients with atrial fibrillation and risk factors. Both
age > 80 years a delay > 3 h after stroke onset can no longer be considered absolute
contraindications for systemic thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator.
Several studies showed that optimized selection via MRI perfusion/diffusion mismatch
enables identification of patients who benefit from systemic thrombolysis within the
3 to 6 h time window. Likewise, patients over 80 years of age show a benefit from
systemic thrombolysis. A randomized study in patients with stroke and leg paresis
compared low-molecular weight heparinoids (LMWH) versus unfractionated heparin for
prevention of deep venous thrombosis. The LWMH Certoparin was equally effective as
3 times daily application of unfractionated heparin. In secondary prevention of stroke,
the European/Australasian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial (ESPRIT)
showed a benefit for the combination of dipyridamol plus aspirin over aspirin without
increasing the risk of bleeding. The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction of
Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) study showed a 16 % relative risk reduction of recurrent
stroke under 80 mg of atorvastatin compared to placebo. In the Stent-protected Percutaneous
Angioplasty of the Carotid vs. Endarterectomy (SPACE) study, short term results were
not significantly different for mortality and ipsilateral stroke in patients with
symptomatic, high-grade carotid stenosis undergoing thrombendarterectomy versus endovascular
stenting.
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Prof. Dr. med. H. C. Diener
PD Dr. med. C. Weimar
Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen
Hufelandstr. 55
45147 Essen
eMail: h.diener@uni-essen.de