PDF herunterladen
Semin Liver Dis 2006; 26(3): 285-297
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-947298
Copyright © 2006 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Viral Hepatitis and Liver Transplantation

Pratima Sharma1 , Anna Lok1
  • 1Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
19. Juli 2006 (online)

    Lizenzen und Reprints

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis C is the one of the most common indications for liver transplantation. Infection of the allograft after transplantation is universal, and recurrent hepatitis C progresses at an accelerated rate. Antiviral therapy in selected patients on the transplant waiting list may reduce the rate of hepatitis C virus reinfection. Preemptive antiviral therapy after transplantation has been disappointing. However, treatment of established histological disease with a combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin is associated with sustained virologic response rates of 25 to 40%. Significant advances have been made in the prevention of hepatitis B reinfection after transplantation. Results are now excellent, with graft infection rates less than 10%. The challenges for the future include designing strategies to optimize the use of antiviral agents to prevent the need for transplantation and to avoid antiviral resistance and to determine the dose and duration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin needed in the era of multiple nucleoside analogs.

KEYWORDS

Hepatitis C - hepatitis B - interferon - hepatitis B immunoglobulin - antiviral therapy

REFERENCES

  • 1 Gane E J, Portmann B C, Naoumov N V et al.. Long-term outcome of hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation.  N Engl J Med. 1996;  334 815-820
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Pelletier S J, Iezzoni J C, Crabtree T D, Hahn Y S, Sawyer R G, Pruett T L. Prediction of liver allograft fibrosis after transplantation for hepatitis C virus: persistent elevation of serum transaminase levels versus necroinflammatory activity.  Liver Transpl. 2000;  6 44-53
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Berenguer M, Prieto M, San Juan F et al.. Contribution of donor age to the recent decrease in patient survival among HCV-infected liver transplant recipients.  Hepatology. 2002;  36 202-210
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Feray C, Caccamo L, Alexander G J et al.. European collaborative study on factors influencing outcome after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP) Group.  Gastroenterology. 1999;  117 619-625
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Gane E J, Naoumov N V, Qian K P et al.. A longitudinal analysis of hepatitis C virus replication following liver transplantation.  Gastroenterology. 1996;  110 167-177
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Firpi R J, Abdelmalek M F, Soldevila-Pico C et al.. One-year protocol liver biopsy can stratify fibrosis progression in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C infection.  Liver Transpl. 2004;  10 1240-1247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Berenguer M, Ferrell L, Watson J et al.. HCV-related fibrosis progression following liver transplantation: increase in recent years.  J Hepatol. 2000;  32 673-684
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Boker K H, Dalley G, Bahr M J et al.. Long-term outcome of hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation.  Hepatology. 1997;  25 203-210
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Ghobrial R M, Steadman R, Gornbein J et al.. A 10-year experience of liver transplantation for hepatitis C: analysis of factors determining outcome in over 500 patients.  Ann Surg. 2001;  234 384-393 discussion 393-384
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Forman L M, Lewis J D, Berlin J A, Feldman H I, Lucey M R. The association between hepatitis C infection and survival after orthotopic liver transplantation.  Gastroenterology. 2002;  122 889-896
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Wiesner R H, Sorrell M, Villamil F. Report of the first International Liver Transplantation Society expert panel consensus conference on liver transplantation and hepatitis C.  Liver Transpl. 2003;  9 S1-S9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Schluger L K, Sheiner P A, Thung S N et al.. Severe recurrent cholestatic hepatitis C following orthotopic liver transplantation.  Hepatology. 1996;  23 971-976
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Levy G, Villamil F, Samuel D et al.. Results of lis2t, a multicenter, randomized study comparing cyclosporine microemulsion with C2 monitoring and tacrolimus with C0 monitoring in de novo liver transplantation.  Transplantation. 2004;  77 1632-1638
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Wiesner R H, Shorr J S, Steffen B J, Chu A H, Gordon R D, Lake J R. Mycophenolate mofetil combination therapy improves long-term outcomes after liver transplantation in patients with and without hepatitis C.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11 750-759
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Jain A, Kashyap R, Demetris A J, Eghstesad B, Pokharna R, Fung J J. A prospective randomized trial of mycophenolate mofetil in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 40-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Firpi R J, Nelson D R, Davis G L. Lack of antiviral effect of a short course of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.  Liver Transpl. 2003;  9 57-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Calmus Y, Scheele J R, Gonzalez-Pinto I et al.. Immunoprophylaxis with basiliximab, a chimeric anti-interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody, in combination with azathioprine-containing triple therapy in liver transplant recipients.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 123-131
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Neuhaus P, Clavien P A, Kittur D et al.. Improved treatment response with basiliximab immunoprophylaxis after liver transplantation: results from a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 132-142
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Charlton M, Seaberg E, Wiesner R et al.. Predictors of patient and graft survival following liver transplantation for hepatitis C.  Hepatology. 1998;  28 823-830
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Russo M W, Galanko J, Beavers K, Fried M W, Shrestha R. Patient and graft survival in hepatitis C recipients after adult living donor liver transplantation in the United States.  Liver Transpl. 2004;  10 340-346
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Shiffman M L, Stravitz R T, Contos M J et al.. Histologic recurrence of chronic hepatitis C virus in patients after living donor and deceased donor liver transplantation.  Liver Transpl. 2004;  10 1248-1255
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Garcia-Retortillo M, Forns X, Llovet J M et al.. Hepatitis C recurrence is more severe after living donor compared to cadaveric liver transplantation.  Hepatology. 2004;  40 699-707
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Olthoff K M, Merion R M, Ghobrial R M et al.. Outcomes of 385 adult-to-adult living donor liver transplant recipients: a report from the A2ALL Consortium.  Ann Surg. 2005;  242 314-323 discussion 323-315
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Crippin J S, McCashland T, Terrault N, Sheiner P, Charlton M R. A pilot study of the tolerability and efficacy of antiviral therapy in hepatitis C virus-infected patients awaiting liver transplantation.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 350-355
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Everson G T, Trotter J, Forman L et al.. Treatment of advanced hepatitis C with a low accelerating dosage regimen of antiviral therapy.  Hepatology. 2005;  42 255-262
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Forns X, Garcia-Retortillo M, Serrano T et al.. Antiviral therapy of patients with decompensated cirrhosis to prevent recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation.  J Hepatol. 2003;  39 389-396
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Feray C, Gigou M, Samuel D et al.. Incidence of hepatitis C in patients receiving different preparations of hepatitis B immunoglobulins after liver transplantation.  Ann Intern Med. 1998;  128 810-816
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Willems B, Ede M, Marotta P et al.. Anti HCV immunoglobulins for prevention of experimental HCV infection [abstract].  J Hepatol. 2002;  36(suppl 1) S96
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Davis G L, Nelson D R, Terrault N et al.. A randomized, open-label study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of human hepatitis C immune globulin (Civacir) in liver transplant recipients.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11 941-949
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Sheiner P A, Boros P, Klion F M et al.. The efficacy of prophylactic interferon alfa-2b in preventing recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation.  Hepatology. 1998;  28 831-838
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Pulvirenti A et al.. Prophylaxis against HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: effect of interferon and ribavirin combination.  Transplant Proc. 1997;  29 519-521
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Mazzaferro V, Tagger A, Schiavo M et al.. Prevention of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation with early interferon and ribavirin treatment.  Transplant Proc. 2001;  33 1355-1357
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Terrault N A. Prophylactic and preemptive therapies for hepatitis C virus-infected patients undergoing liver transplantation.  Liver Transpl. 2003;  9 S95-S100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Chalasani N, Manzarbeitia C, Ferenci P et al.. Peginterferon alfa-2a for hepatitis C after liver transplantation: two randomized, controlled trials.  Hepatology. 2005;  41 289-298
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Sugawara Y, Makuuchi M, Matsui Y et al.. Preemptive therapy for hepatitis C virus after living-donor liver transplantation.  Transplantation. 2004;  78 1308-1311
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Gane E J, Tibbs C J, Ramage J K, Portmann B C, Williams R. Ribavirin therapy for hepatitis C infection following liver transplantation.  Transpl Int. 1995;  8 61-64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Cattral M S, Hemming A W, Wanless I R et al.. Outcome of long-term ribavirin therapy for recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation.  Transplantation. 1999;  67 1277-1280
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Bizollon T, Palazzo U, Ducerf C et al.. Pilot study of the combination of interferon alfa and ribavirin as therapy of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation.  Hepatology. 1997;  26 500-504
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Lavezzo B, Rizzetto M. Treatment of recurrent hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation.  J Hepatol. 1999;  31(suppl 1) 222-226
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Giostra E, Kullak-Ublick G, Keller W et al.. Ribavirin/interferon alfa sequential treatment of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation [abstract].  Hepatology. 2001;  34 641A
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Samuel D, Bizollon T, Feray C et al.. Interferon-alpha 2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C after liver transplantation: a randomized study.  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 642-650
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Dumortier J, Scoazec J Y, Chevallier P, Boillot O. Treatment of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation: a pilot study of peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin combination.  J Hepatol. 2004;  40 669-674
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Castells L, Vargas V, Allende H et al.. Combined treatment with pegylated interferon (alpha-2b) and ribavirin in the acute phase of hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation.  J Hepatol. 2005;  43 53-59
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Rodriguez-Luna H, Khatib A, Sharma P et al.. Treatment of recurrent hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation with combination of pegylated interferon alpha2b and ribavirin: an open-label series.  Transplantation. 2004;  77 190-194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Neff G W, Montalbano M, O'Brien C B et al.. Treatment of established recurrent hepatitis C in liver-transplant recipients with pegylated interferon-alfa-2b and ribavirin therapy.  Transplantation. 2004;  78 1303-1307
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Saab S, Kalmaz D, Gajjar N A et al.. Outcomes of acute rejection after interferon therapy in liver transplant recipients.  Liver Transpl. 2004;  10 859-867
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Watt K D, Lyden E R, McCashland T M. Poor survival after liver retransplantation: is hepatitis C to blame?.  Liver Transpl. 2003;  9 1019-1024
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Ghobrial R M. Retransplantation for recurrent hepatitis C.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8(suppl 1) S38-S43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Sheiner P A, Schluger L K, Emre S et al.. Retransplantation for recurrent hepatitis C.  Liver Transpl Surg. 1997;  3 130-136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Doyle H R, Morelli F, McMichael J et al.. Hepatic retransplantation: an analysis of risk factors associated with outcome.  Transplantation. 1996;  61 1499-1505
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Rosen H R, Martin P. Hepatitis C infection in patients undergoing liver retransplantation.  Transplantation. 1998;  66 1612-1616
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Kim W R, Poterucha J J, Kremers W K, Ishitani M B, Dickson E R. Outcome of liver transplantation for hepatitis B in the United States.  Liver Transpl. 2004;  10 968-974
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Roche B, Feray C, Gigou M et al.. HBV DNA persistence 10 years after liver transplantation despite successful anti-HBS passive immunoprophylaxis.  Hepatology. 2003;  38 86-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Steinmuller T, Seehofer D, Rayes N et al.. Increasing applicability of liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis B-related liver disease.  Hepatology. 2002;  35 1528-1535
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Todo S, Demetris A J, Van Thiel D, Teperman L, Fung J J, Starzl T E. Orthotopic liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver disease.  Hepatology. 1991;  13 619-626
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 O'Grady J G, Smith H M, Davies S E et al.. Hepatitis B virus reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation: serological and clinical implications.  J Hepatol. 1992;  14 104-111
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Starzl T E, Demetris A J, Van Thiel D. Liver transplantation (2).  N Engl J Med. 1989;  321 1092-1099
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Marcellin P, Samuel D, Areias J et al.. Pretransplantation interferon treatment and recurrence of hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation for hepatitis B-related end-stage liver disease.  Hepatology. 1994;  19 6-12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Perrillo R, Tamburro C, Regenstein F et al.. Low-dose, titratable interferon alfa in decompensated liver disease caused by chronic infection with hepatitis B virus.  Gastroenterology. 1995;  109 908-916
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Fontana R J, Hann H W, Perrillo R P et al.. Determinants of early mortality in patients with decompensated chronic hepatitis B treated with antiviral therapy.  Gastroenterology. 2002;  123 719-727
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Perrillo R P, Wright T, Rakela J et al.. A multicenter United States-Canadian trial to assess lamivudine monotherapy before and after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2001;  33 424-432
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Villeneuve J P, Condreay L D, Willems B et al.. Lamivudine treatment for decompensated cirrhosis resulting from chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2000;  31 207-210
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Yao F Y, Bass N M. Lamivudine treatment in patients with severely decompensated cirrhosis due to replicating hepatitis B infection.  J Hepatol. 2000;  33 301-307
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Chang T T, Lai C L, Chien R N et al.. Four years of lamivudine treatment in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  19 1276-1282
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Marzano A, Lampertico P, Mazzaferro V et al.. Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation in carriers of lamivudine-resistant mutants.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11 532-538
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Schiff E R, Lai C L, Hadziyannis S et al.. Adefovir dipivoxil therapy for lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B in pre- and post-liver transplantation patients.  Hepatology. 2003;  38 1419-1427
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Schiff E, Lai C L, Neuhaus P et al.. Adefovir dipivoxil provides significant clinical benefit, reduces MELD score and prevents transplantation in chronic hepatitis B patients wait-listed for liver transplantation with lamivudine resistance [abstract].  J Hepatol. 2005;  42(suppl 2) 5
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Angus P, Vaughan R, Xiong S et al.. Resistance to adefovir dipivoxil therapy associated with the selection of a novel mutation in the HBV polymerase.  Gastroenterology. 2003;  125 292-297
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Barcena R, Del Campo S, Moraleda G et al.. Study on the efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil treatment in post-liver transplant patients with hepatitis B virus infection and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus.  Transplant Proc. 2005;  37 3960-3962
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Lai C L, Shouval D, Lok A S et al.. Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2006;  354 1011-1020
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Gish R G, Chang T T, Hadziyannis S et al.. 428 Lamivudine-refractory hepatitis B patients can be safely switched directly to entecavir 1 mg daily therapy [abstract].  J Hepatol. 2004;  40(suppl 1) 127
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Colonno R J, Rose R, Levine S et al.. Entecavir two year resistance update observed in nucleoside naive patients and low frequency resistance emergence in lamivudine refractory patients.  Hepatology. 2005;  42(suppl 1) 573A
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Fung S K, Chae H B, Fontana R J et al.. Virologic response and resistance to adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2006;  44 283-290
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Chang T T, Gish R G, Hadziyannis S J et al.. A dose-ranging study of the efficacy and tolerability of entecavir in lamivudine-refractory chronic hepatitis B patients.  Gastroenterology. 2005;  129 1198-1209
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Samuel D, Bismuth A, Mathieu D et al.. Passive immunoprophylaxis after liver transplantation in HBsAg-positive patients.  Lancet. 1991;  337 813-815
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 McGory R W, Ishitani M B, Oliveira W M et al.. Improved outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B cirrhosis with aggressive passive immunization.  Transplantation. 1996;  61 1358-1364
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Terrault N A, Zhou S, Combs C et al.. Prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients using a fixed dosing schedule of hepatitis B immunoglobulin.  Hepatology. 1996;  24 1327-1333
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Muller R, Gubernatis G, Farle M et al.. Liver transplantation in HBs antigen (HBsAg) carriers: prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence by passive immunization.  J Hepatol. 1991;  13 90-96
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Shouval D, Samuel D. Hepatitis B immune globulin to prevent hepatitis B virus graft reinfection following liver transplantation: a concise review.  Hepatology. 2000;  32 1189-1195
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Sawyer R G, McGory R W, Gaffey M J et al.. Improved clinical outcomes with liver transplantation for hepatitis B-induced chronic liver failure using passive immunization.  Ann Surg. 1998;  227 841-850
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Mutimer D, Pillay D, Shields P et al.. Outcome of lamivudine resistant hepatitis B virus infection in the liver transplant recipient.  Gut. 2000;  46 107-113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Lo C M, Cheung S T, Lai C L et al.. Liver transplantation in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B using lamivudine prophylaxis.  Ann Surg. 2001;  233 276-281
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Wang R, Kim D, Yao F, Roberts J, Terrault N. Long term efficacy of different regimens of combination hepatitis B immunoglobulin and antivirals in preventing hepatitis B virus recurrence post transplantation.  Hepatology. 2005;  42 49A
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Dickson R C, Terrault N A, Ishitani M et al.. Protective antibody levels and dose requirements for IV 5% Nabi hepatitis B immune globulin combined with lamivudine in liver transplantation for hepatitis B-induced end stage liver disease.  Liver Transpl. 2006;  12 124-133
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Gane E, McCaughan G, Crawford D et al.. Combination lamivudine plus low dose intramuscular hepatitis B immunoglobulin prevents recurrent hepatitis B and may eradicate residual graft infection.  Hepatology. 2002;  36 221A
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Naoumov N V, Lopes A R, Burra P et al.. Randomized trial of lamivudine versus hepatitis B immunoglobulin for long-term prophylaxis of hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation.  J Hepatol. 2001;  34 888-894
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Buti M, Mas A, Prieto M et al.. Five year follow up of a randomized study comparing lamivudine vs. lamivudine + HBIg in the prevention of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation.  Hepatology. 2005;  42 492A
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Sanchez-Fueyo A, Rimola A, Grande L et al.. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin discontinuation followed by hepatitis B virus vaccination: a new strategy in the prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation.  Hepatology. 2000;  31 496-501
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Sanchez-Fueyo A, Martinez-Bauer E, Rimola A. Hepatitis B vaccination after liver transplantation.  Hepatology. 2002;  36 257-258 author reply 258--259
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Angelico M, Di Paolo D, Trinito M O et al.. Failure of a reinforced triple course of hepatitis B vaccination in patients transplanted for HBV-related cirrhosis.  Hepatology. 2002;  35 176-181
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Bienzle U, Gunther M, Neuhaus R, Neuhaus P. Successful hepatitis B vaccination in patients who underwent transplantation for hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis: preliminary results.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 562-564
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Lo C M, Liu C L, Chan S C, Lau G K, Fan S T. Failure of hepatitis B vaccination in patients receiving lamivudine prophylaxis after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2005;  43 283-287
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Bock C T, Tillmann H L, Torresi J et al.. Selection of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutants with enhanced replication by lamivudine treatment after liver transplantation.  Gastroenterology. 2002;  122 264-273
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Fung S K, Andreone P, Han S H et al.. Adefovir-resistant hepatitis B can be associated with viral rebound and hepatic decompensation.  J Hepatol. 2005;  43 937-943
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Singh N, Gayowski T, Wannstedt C F et al.. Interferon-alpha for prophylaxis of recurrent viral hepatitis C in liver transplant recipients: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial.  Transplantation. 1998;  65 82-86
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Shergill A K, Khalili M, Straley S et al.. Applicability, tolerability and efficacy of preemptive antiviral therapy in hepatitis C-infected patients undergoing liver transplantation.  Am J Transplant. 2005;  5 118-124
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Anna LokM.D. 

Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, 1500 East Medical Center Drive

3912 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0362

      >