Zusammenfassung
Einleitung: Der MADD ist der häufigste Enzymdefekt der Skelettmuskulatur. Angaben über EMG-Veränderungen
bei MADD sind in der Literatur nicht systematisch und widersprüchlich. Methodik: Es wurden insgesamt 1673 Muskelbiopsieproben (1977 - 1999) auf einen MADD (Verlust
der AMPD-Aktivität, Mutation C34-T/C143-T und C34-T/G468T) geprüft. Bei 34 Patienten
= 1,8 % (19 männlich, 15 weiblich) wurde ein MADD festgestellt und nach der Pathogenese
in 3 Gruppen (4 primär isolierter symptomatischer MADD; 8 primär isolierter asymptomatischer
MADD; 22 koinzidenter MADD) klassifiziert. Bei diesen 34 Patienten wurden retrospektiv
elektromyographische Befunde analysiert und der Klassifikation zugeordnet. Die Ableitung
erfolgte semiquantitativ mit Nadelelektroden aus jeweils einem proximalen (M. biceps
oder M. deltoideus, M. rectus femoris oder M. vastus lateralis) und einem distalen
Muskel (M. opponens pollicis oder M. abductor pollicis brevis und M. tibialis anterior)
der oberen und unteren Extremität. Ergebnisse: Bei 22 Patienten lagen EMG-Befunde vor. Davon zeigten 9 Patienten myogene, 6 neurogene
Veränderungen und 7 Patienten einen normalen Befund. Hinsichtlich der Klassifikation
wurden myogene Veränderungen bei 25 % der Patienten mit primär asymptomatischem MADD,
bei 75 % Patienten mit primär symptomatischem MADD und bei 36 % Patienten mit koinzidentem
MADD gefunden. Neurogene Veränderungen zeigten sich hingegen bei keinem Patienten
mit primär isoliertem symptomatischen oder asymptomatischen MADD, aber bei 43 % des
konizidenten MADDs. Normale EMG-Befunde zeigten sich bei 75 % des primär aymptomatischen
MADDs und bei 25 % des primär symptomatischen MADDs und bei 21 % des koinzidenten
MADDs. Zusammenfassung: Das EMG vermag bei 50 % der Fälle mit MADD, bei denen keine gleichzeitige Strukturmyopathie
vorliegt, bereits frühe Veränderungen nachzuweisen. Das EMG ist zum Nachweis eines
MADD aber zu wenig sensitiv, sodass bei klinischer Symptomatik und normalem EMG-Befund
der enzymhistochemische oder biochemische Nachweis aus dem Bioptat erforderlich ist.
Hingegen weisen neurogene EMG-Veränderungen immer auf ein zufälliges Zusammentreffen
eines MADD mit einer anderen neuromuskulären Störung (koinzidenter MADD) hin. Somit
kann das EMG einen guten Beitrag zur Einordnung in die Klassifikation beim MADD leisten.
Abstract
Introduction: Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency (MADD) is the most frequent enzyme defect in muscle.
However, the frequency of electromyographic changes is not well described. Therefore,
the aim of this study was to systematically investigate electromyographic abnormalities
in MADD. Methods: (Altogether) 1673 muscle biopsies (1977 - 1999) were examined for MADD (loss of the
AMPD activity, mutation in AMPD 1 gene). 34 patients (= 1,8 %, 19-male, 15 female)
were diagnosed as MADD and classified as primary symptomatic MADD (n = 4), primary
asymptomatic MADD (n = 8) or coincidental MADD (n = 22). Electromyography data of
all 34 (22) patients records were retrospectively assessed. Individual motor units
were semiquantitavely assessed using needle electrodes in one proximal (M. biceps
or M. deltoideus, M. rectus femoris or M. vastus lateralis) and one distal (M. opponens
pollicis or M. abductor pollicis brevis, M. tibialis anterior) of both, upper and
lower extremity. Results: 9 patients showed myopathic, 6 patients neurogenic and 7 patients no abnormalities.
In respect to the clinical presentation, myopathic changes were found in 25 % of the
patients with primary asymptomatic MADD, in 75 % within primary symptomatic MADD and
in 36 % within coincidental MADD. Neurogenic changes were found neither in primary
symptomatic nor primary asymptomatic MADD, but in 43 % of patients with coincidental
MADD. Normal electromyography data showed up in 75 % of the patients with primary
asymptomatic MADD, in 25 % within primary symptomatic MADD and in 21 % within coincidental
MADD. Conclusions: 50 % of patients with primary MADD have early myopathic changes in electromyography.
Thus, EMG seems to be a sensitive tool to detect MADD induced abnormalities. However,
normal electromyographic findings do not exclude MADD and a biopsy for histochemical
or biochemical validation is recommended if there is clinical suspicion. Neurogenic
changes more likely refer to a coincidental MADD and conditions other than MADD need
to be considered. In summary, electromyography seems to add valuable information to
clinically classify MADD.
Key word
Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency - electromyography - myopathy
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Dr. Petra Baum
Klinik für Neurologie der Universität Leipzig
Liebigstraße 22a
04103 Leipzig
Email: petra.baum@medizin.uni-leipzig.de