Ultraschallgezielte Punktionen in der Neuroaxialen Regionalanästhesie

Literatur

• 1 Andersen G, Rasmussen H, Rosenstock C, Blemmer T, Engbaek J, Christensen M, Ording H. Postoperative pain control by epidural analgesia after transabdominal surgery. Efficacy and problems encountered in daily routine.  Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000;  44 296-301
• 2 Blanche R, Eisenach J C, Tuttle R, Dewan D M. Previous wet tap does not reduce success rate of labor epidural analgesia.  Anesth Analg. 1994;  79 291-294
• 3 Bonazzi M, Bianchi De Grazia L, Di Gennaro S, Lensi C, Migliavacca S, Marsicano M, Riva A, Laveneziana D. Ultrasonography-guided identification of the lumbar epidural space.  Minerva Anestesiol. 1995;  61 201-205
• 4 Burstal R, Wegener F, Hayes C, Lantry G. Epidural analgesia: prospective audit of 1062 patients.  Anaesth Intensive Care. 1998;  26 165-172
• 5 Cork R C, Kryc J J, Vaughan R W. Ultrasonic localization of the lumbar epidural space.  Anesthesiology. 1980;  52 513-516
• 6 Currie J M. Measurement of the depth of the epidural space using ultrasound.  Br J Anaesth. 1984;  56 345-347
• 7 Grau T, Bartusseck E, Leipold R W, Conradi R, Martin E, Motsch J. Ultrasound Imaging and Learning curves in Obstetric Epidural Anesthesia.  Can J Anaesth. 2003;  50 1047-1050
• 8 Grau T, Fatehi S, Motsch J, Bartusseck E. Survey on current practice of regional anaesthesia in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Part 2: Use, success rates and techniques.  Anaesthesist. 2004;  53 847-855
• 9 Grau T, Leipold R, Conradi R, Martin E. Ultrasound control for presumed difficult epidural puncture.  Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;  45 766-771
• 10 Grau T, Leipold R, Conradi R, Martin E, Motsch J. Ultraschall und Periduralanästhesie: Technische Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer diagnostischen Untersuchung des Periduralraumes.  Anaesthesist. 2001;  50 94-101
• 11 Grau T, Leipold R, Horter J, Conradi R, Martin E, Motsch J. Paramedian Access to the Epidural Space: The Optimum Window for Ultrasound Imaging.  J Clin Anesth. 2001;  13 213-217
• 12 Grau T, Leipold R W, Conradi R, Martin E, Motsch J. Darstellung von Duraperforationen und Bloodpatches mit Ultraschall.  Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2002;  37 149-153
• 13 Grau T, Leipold R W, Conradi R, Martin E, Motsch J. Real-time ultrasonic observation of combined spinal - epidural anaesthesia.  Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2004;  21 25-31
• 14 Grau T, Leipold R W, Horter J, Conradi R, Martin E, Motsch J. Colour Doppler imaging of the interspinous and epidural space.  E J A. 2001;  18 706-712
• 15 LeCoq G, Ducot B, Benhamou D. Risk factors of inadequate pain relief during epidural analgesia for labour and delivery.  Can J Anaesth. 1998;  45 719-723
• 16 Rapp H J, Grau T. Ultrasound Guided Regional Anaesthesia in Pediatric Patients Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management.  . 2004;  8 178-198
• 17 Rapp H J, Folger A, Grau T. Ultrasound-guided epidural catheter insertion in children.  Anesth Analg. 2005;  101 33-339
• 18 Rapp H J, Grau T. Ultrasound imaging in pediatric regional anesthesia.  Can J Anaesth. 2004;  51 277-278
• 19 Ready L B. Acute pain: lessons learned from 25 000 patients.  Reg Anesth. 1999;  24 499-505
• 20 Schuepfer G, Konrad C, Schmeck J, Poortmans G, Staffelbach B, Johr M. Generating a learning curve for pediatric caudal epidural blocks: an empirical evaluation of technical skills in novice and experienced anesthetists.  Reg Anesth. 2000;  25 385-388
• 21 Wallace D H, Currie J M, Gilstrap L C, Santos R. Indirect sonographic guidance for epidural anesthesia in obese pregnant patients.  Reg Anesth. 1992;  17 233-236
• 22 Watts R W. A five-year prospective analysis of the efficacy, safety and morbidity of epidural anaesthesia performed by a general practitioner anaesthetist in an isolated rural hospital.  Anaesth Intensive Care. 1992;  20 348-353