Literatur
- 1 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) .NHLBI/WHO workshop report. National Heart,
Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Md., www.ginasthma.com
updated October 2005
- 2
Harbour R, Miller J.
A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines.
Br Med J.
2001;
323
334-336
- 3
Harju T, Keistinen T, Tuuponen T. et al .
Seasonal variation in childhood asthma hospitalisations in Finland, 1972 - 1992.
Eur J Pediatr.
1997;
156
436-439
- 4
Mitakakis T Z, Tovey E R, Xuan W. et al .
Personal exposure to allergenic pollen and mould spores in inland New South Wales,
Australia.
Clin Exp Allergy.
2000;
30
1733-1739
- 5
O'Hollaren M T, Yunginger J W, Offord K P. et al .
Exposure to an aeroallergen as a possible precipitating factor in respiratory arrest
in young patients with asthma.
N Engl J Med.
1991;
324
359-363
- 6
Gibson P G, Dolovich J, Denburg J. et al .
Chronic cough: eosinophilic bronchitis without asthma.
Lancet.
1989;
1
1346-1348
- 7
Corrao W M, Braman S S, Irwin R S.
Chronic cough as the sole presenting manifestation of bronchial asthma.
N Engl J Med.
1979;
300
633-637
- 8
Irwin R S, Curley F J, French C L.
Chronic cough. The spectrum and frequency of causes, key components of the diagnostic
evaluation, and outcome of specific therapy.
Am Rev Respir Dis.
1990;
141
640-647
- 9
Kardos P, Cegla U, Gillissen A. et al .
Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie zur Diagnostik und Therapie von
Patienten mit akutem und chronischem Husten.
Pneumologie.
2004;
58
570-602
- 10
Fujimura M, Ogawa H, Nishizawa Y. et al .
Comparison of atopic cough with cough variant asthma: is atopic cough a precursor
of asthma?.
Thorax.
2003;
58
14-18
- 11
Dow L.
Asthma in older people.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1998;
28 Suppl 5
195-202
- 12
Weiner P, Magadle R, Waizman J. et al .
Characteristics of asthma in the elderly.
Eur Respir J.
1998;
12
564-568
- 13
Morris M J.
Difficulties with diagnosing asthma in the elderly.
Chest.
1999;
116
591-593
- 14
Quadrelli S A, Roncoroni A J.
Is asthma in the elderly really different?.
Respiration.
1998;
65
347-353
- 15
Burrows B, Halonen M, Barbee R A. et al .
The relationship of serum immunoglobulin E to cigarette smoking.
Am Rev Respir Dis.
1981;
124
523-525
- 16
Tracey M, Villar A, Dow L. et al .
The influence of increased bronchial responsiveness, atopy, and serum IgE on decline
in FEV1. A longitudinal study in the elderly.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1995;
151
656-662
- 17
Kroegel C, Mock B, Machnik A. et al .
Medikamenten-induziertes Churg-Strauss-Syndrom: Eine neue Krankheitsentität?.
Arzneimitteltherapie.
2001;
19
285-295
- 18
Mutius E von, Martinez F D, Fritzsch C. et al .
Prevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1994;
149
358-364
- 19
Beasley R, Keil U, Mutius E von. et al .
Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis,
and atopic eczema: ISAAC.
Lancet.
1998;
351
1225-1232
- 20
Nowak D, Heinrich J, Jorres R. et al .
Prevalence of respiratory symptoms, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy among
adults: West and East Germany.
Eur Respir J.
1996;
9
2541-2552
- 21
Heinrich J, Richter K, Frye C. et al .
Die europäische Studie zu Atemwegserkrankungen bei Erwachsenen [European Community
Respiratory Health Survey in Adults (ECRHS)].
Pneumologie.
2002;
56
297-303
- 22
Nowak D, Suppli U C, Mutius E.
Asthma and atopy: has peak prevalence been reached?.
Eur Respir J.
2004;
23
359-360
- 23
Nowak D, Mutius E von.
Asthma bronchiale im Kindes- und Erwachsenenalter: Risikofaktoren, Diagnose, Standardtherapie.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr.
2004;
129
509-516
- 24
Chinn S, Jarvis D, Burney P. et al .
Increase in diagnosed asthma but not in symptoms in the European Community Respiratory
Health Survey.
Thorax.
2004;
59
646-651
- 25
Braun-Fahrlander C, Gassner M, Grize L. et al .
No further increase in asthma, hay fever and atopic sensitisation in adolescents living
in Switzerland.
Eur Respir J.
2004;
23
407-413
- 26
Akinbami L J, Schoendorf K C.
Trends in childhood asthma: prevalence, health care utilization, and mortality.
Pediatrics.
2002;
110
315-322
- 27
Ronchetti R, Villa M P, Barreto M. et al .
Is the increase in childhood asthma coming to an end? Findings from three surveys
of schoolchildren in Rome, Italy.
Eur Respir J.
2001;
17
881-886
- 28
Kalyoncu A F, Selcuk Z T, Enunlu T. et al .
Prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in primary school children in Ankara, Turkey:
two cross-sectional studies, five years apart.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol.
1999;
10
261-265
- 29
Fleming D M, Sunderland R, Cross K W. et al .
Declining incidence of episodes of asthma: a study of trends in new episodes presenting
to general practitioners in the period 1989 - 98.
Thorax.
2000;
55
657-661
- 30
Verlato G, Corsico A, Villani S. et al .
Is the prevalence of adult asthma and allergic rhinitis still increasing? Results
of an Italian study.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2003;
111
1232-1238
- 31
Weiland S K, Pearce N.
Asthma prevalence in adults: good news?.
Thorax.
2004;
59
637-638
- 32
Suissa S, Ernst P.
Inhaled corticosteroids: impact on asthma morbidity and mortality.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2001;
107
937-944
- 33
Nowak D, Volmer T, Wettengel R.
Asthma bronchiale - eine Krankheitskostenanalyse.
Pneumologie.
1996;
50
364-371
- 34
Schramm B, Ehlken B, Smala A. et al .
Cost of illness of atopic asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis in Germany: 1-yr retrospective
study.
Eur Respir J.
2003;
21
116-122
- 35
Bousquet J, Jeffery P K, Busse W W. et al .
Asthma. From bronchoconstriction to airways inflammation and remodeling.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2000;
161
1720-1745
- 36
Jones P W.
Quality of life measurement in asthma.
Eur Respir J.
1995;
8
885-887
- 37
Ryan G, Latimer K M, Dolovich J. et al .
Bronchial responsiveness to histamine: relationship to diurnal variation of peak flow
rate, improvement after bronchodilator, and airway calibre.
Thorax.
1982;
37
423-429
- 38
O'Byrne P, Cuddy L, Taylor D W. et al .
The clinical efficacy and cost benefit of inhaled corticosteroids as therapy in patients
with mild asthma in primary care practice.
Can Respir J.
1996;
3
169-175
- 39
Essen-Zandvliet E E, Hughes M D, Waalkens H J. et al .
Effects of 22 months of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and/or beta-2-agonists
on lung function, airway responsiveness, and symptoms in children with asthma. The
Dutch Chronic Non-specific Lung Disease Study Group.
Am Rev Respir Dis.
1992;
146
547-554
- 40 Criée C-P, Berdel D, Heise D. et al .Empfehlungen der Deutschen Atemwegsliga zur
Spirometrie. München - Orlando: Dustri-Verlag Dr. Karl Feistle 2006: 1-17
- 41
American Thoracic Society .
Standardization of Spirometry, 1994 Update.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1995;
152
1107-1136
- 42
European Respiratory Society .
Standardized lung function testing.
Eur Respir J Suppl.
1993;
16
1-100
- 43
American Thoracic Society .
Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretative strategies.
Am Rev Respir Dis.
1991;
144
1202-1218
- 44
Tattersfield A E, Postma D S, Barnes P J. et al .
Exacerbations of asthma: a descriptive study of 425 severe exacerbations. The FACET
International Study Group.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1999;
160
594-599
- 45
Gibson P G, Wong B J, Hepperle M J. et al .
A research method to induce and examine a mild exacerbation of asthma by withdrawal
of inhaled corticosteroid.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1992;
22
525-532
- 46
Kendrick A H, Higgs C M, Whitfield M J. et al .
Accuracy of perception of severity of asthma: patients treated in general practice.
Br Med J.
1993;
307
422-424
- 47
Killian K J, Watson R, Otis J. et al .
Symptom perception during acute bronchoconstriction.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2000;
162
490-496
- 48
Nowak R M, Pensler M I, Sarkar D D. et al .
Comparison of peak expiratory flow and FEV1 admission criteria for acute bronchial asthma.
Ann Emerg Med.
1982;
11
64-69
- 49
Quanjer P H, Lebowitz M D, Gregg I. et al .
Peak expiratory flow: conclusions and recommendations of a Working Party of the European
Respiratory Society.
Eur Respir J Suppl.
1997;
24
2S-8S
- 50
Sawyer G, Miles J, Lewis S. et al .
Classification of asthma severity: should the international guidelines be changed?.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1998;
28
1565-1570
- 51
Reddel H K, Marks G B, Jenkins C R.
When can personal best peak flow be determined for asthma action plans?.
Thorax.
2004;
59
922-924
- 52
D'Souza W J, Te K H, Fox C. et al .
Long-term reduction in asthma morbidity following an asthma self-management programme.
Eur Respir J.
1998;
11
611-616
- 53
Venables K M, Chan-Yeung M.
Occupational asthma.
Lancet.
1997;
349
1465-1469
- 54
Quackenboss J J, Lebowitz M D, Krzyzanowski M.
The normal range of diurnal changes in peak expiratory flow rates. Relationship to
symptoms and respiratory disease.
Am Rev Respir Dis.
1991;
143
323-330
- 55
Reddel H K, Salome C M, Peat J K. et al .
Which index of peak expiratory flow is most useful in the management of stable asthma?.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1995;
151
1320-1325
- 56
Kamps A W, Roorda R J, Brand P L.
Peak flow diaries in childhood asthma are unreliable.
Thorax.
2001;
56
180-182
- 57
Lebowitz M D.
The use of peak expiratory flow rate measurements in respiratory disease.
Pediatr Pulmonol.
1991;
11
166-174
- 58
Niggemann B, Friedrichs F, Brosi W. et al .
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Lungenfunktion der Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Pneumologie:
Unspezifische Provokationsverfahren in der pneumologischen Diagnostik.
Monatsschr Kinderheilkd.
1999;
147
601-609
- 59 Lindemann H, Leupold W. Bronchiale Provokation. Lungenfunktonsdiagnostik bei Kindern. Stuttgart:
Kohlhammer 2003: 162-173
- 60 Lindemann H, Leupold W. Lungenfunktionsdiagnostik im frühen Kindesalter. Lungenfunktonsdiagnostik
bei Kindern. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 2003: 174-193
- 61 O'Byrne P. Bronchial challenges by pharmacological agents. In: Clark TJH, Godfrey
S, Lee TH, Thomson NC (Hrsg). Asthma. London: Arnold 2000: 92-103
- 62
Leitlinien für die Durchführung bronchialer Provokationstests mit pharmakologischen
Substanzen.
Pneumologie.
1998;
52
214-220
- 63
Ramsdale E H, Morris M M, Roberts R S. et al .
Asymptomatic bronchial hyperresponsiveness in rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1985;
75
573-577
- 64
Haren E H van, Lammers J W, Festen J. et al .
The effects of the inhaled corticosteroid budesonide on lung function and bronchial
hyperresponsiveness in adult patients with cystic fibrosis.
Respir Med.
1995;
89
209-214
- 65
Ramsdale E H, Morris M M, Roberts R S. et al .
Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in chronic bronchitis: relationship to airflow
obstruction and cold air responsiveness.
Thorax.
1984;
39
912-918
- 66 Matthys H, Hamm H. Bronchial challenge tests: different answers due to differences
in site and magnitude of airway obstruction. In: Oehling AK, Huerta Lopez JG (Hrsg).
Progress in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Volume 4, Cancun. Berlin-Toronto-Bern-Göttingen:
Hogrefe & Huber 1997: 263-268
- 67
Brooks L J, Cloutier M M, Afshani E.
Significance of roentgenographic abnormalities in children hospitalized for asthma.
Chest.
1982;
82
315-318
- 68
Gershel J C, Goldman H S, Stein R E. et al .
The usefulness of chest radiographs in first asthma attacks.
N Engl J Med.
1983;
309
336-339
- 69
Pizzichini M M, Popov T A, Efthimiadis A. et al .
Spontaneous and induced sputum to measure indices of airway inflammation in asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1996;
154
866-869
- 70
Kharitonov S, Alving K, Barnes P J.
Exhaled and nasal nitric oxide measurements: recommendations. The European Respiratory
Society Task Force.
Eur Respir J.
1997;
10
1683-1693
- 71
Horvath I, Barnes P J.
Exhaled monoxides in asymptomatic atopic subjects.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1999;
29
1276-1280
- 72
Mok Q, Piesowicz A T.
Foreign body aspiration mimicking asthma.
Intensive Care Med.
1993;
19
240-241
- 73
Place R, Morrison A, Arce E.
Vocal cord dysfunction.
J Adolesc Health.
2000;
27
125-129
- 74
Kardos P, Brutsche M, Buhl R. et al .
Sowohl Asthma, als auch COPD: Eine Kombination beider Erkrankungen.
Pneumologie.
2006 (im Druck);
- 75
Lenney W.
The burden of pediatric asthma.
Pediatr Pulmonol.
1997;
15 Suppl
13-16
- 76
Juniper E F.
Quality of life in adults and children with asthma and rhinitis.
Allergy.
1997;
52
971-977
- 77
Rabe K F, Vermeire P A, Soriano J B. et al .
Clinical management of asthma in 1999: the Asthma Insights and Reality in Europe (AIRE)
study.
Eur Respir J.
2000;
16
802-807
- 78
Juniper E F, Guyatt G H, Ferrie P J. et al .
Measuring quality of life in asthma.
Am Rev Respir Dis.
1993;
147
832-838
- 79
Juniper E F, Buist A S, Cox F M. et al .
Validation of a standardized version of the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire.
Chest.
1999;
115
1265-1270
- 80
Hyland M E.
The Living with Asthma Questionnaire.
Respir Med.
1991;
85 Suppl B
13-16
- 81 Mühlig S. Diagnostik und Beurteilung der psychischen Leistungsfähigkeit von Atemwegserkrankten. In:
Petro W (Hrsg). Pneumologische Prävention und Rehabilitation. Berlin: Springer 2000:
316-332
- 82 Schandry R, Duschek S. Fragebogen für Asthma-Patienten. In: Schumacher J, Klaiberg
A, Brähler E (Hrsg). Diagnostische Verfahren zu Lebensqualität und Wohlbefinden. Göttingen:
Hogrefe-Verlag 2003: 111-115
- 83 Mühlig S, Teeling H, Petermann F. Der Fragebogen zur Lebensqualität bei Asthma
und Chronisch-obstruktiver Bronchitis. In: Schumacher J, Klaiberg A, Brähler E (Hrsg).
Diagnostische Verfahren zu Lebensqualität und Wohlbefinden. Göttingen: Hogrefe-Verlag
2003: 135-140
- 84
Juniper E F, Guyatt G H, Feeny D H. et al .
Measuring quality of life in children with asthma.
Qual Life Res.
1996;
5
35-46
- 85
Bateman E D, Boushey H A, Bousquet J. et al .
Can guideline-defined asthma control be achieved? The Gaining Optimal Asthma ControL
study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2004;
170
836-844
- 86
Barnes N C.
Can guideline-defined asthma control be achieved? The Gaining Optimal Asthma Control
study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2004;
170
830-831
- 87
Platts-Mills T AE.
Allergen avoidance in the treatment of asthma and rhinitis.
N Engl J Med.
2003;
349
207-208
- 88
Platts-Mills T A, Tovey E R, Mitchell E B. et al .
Reduction of bronchial hyperreactivity during prolonged allergen avoidance.
Lancet.
1982;
2
675-678
- 89
Kerrebijn K F, Essen-Zandvliet E E, Neijens H J.
Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and beta-agonists on the
bronchial responsiveness in children with asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1987;
79
653-659
- 90
Haahtela T, Järvinen M, Kava T. et al .
Comparison of a β-2-agonist, terbutaline, with an inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide,
in newly detected asthma.
N Engl J Med.
1991;
325
388-392
- 91
Barnes P J, Pedersen S.
Efficacy and safety of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma.
Am Rev Respir Dis.
1993;
148
S1-S26
- 92
Jeffery P K, Godfrey R W, Adelroth E. et al .
Effects of treatment on airway inflammation and thickening of basement membrane reticular
collagen in asthma. A quantitative light and electron microscopic study.
Am Rev Respir Dis.
1992;
145
890-899
- 93
Djukanovic R, Wilson J W, Britten K M. et al .
Effect of an inhaled corticosteroid on airway inflammation and symptoms in asthma.
Am Rev Respir Dis.
1992;
145
669-674
- 94
Gardiner P V, Ward C, Booth H. et al .
Effect of eight weeks of treatment with salmeterol on bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory
indices in asthmatics.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1994;
150
1006-1011
- 95
Laitinen L A, Laitinen A, Haahtela T.
A comparative study of the effects of an inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide, and a
β2-agonist, terbutaline, on airway inflammation in newly diagnosed asthma: A randomized,
double-blind, parallel-group controlled trial.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1992;
90
32-42
- 96
Anderson S D, Rozea P J, Dolton R. et al .
Inhaled and oral bronchodilator therapy in exercise induced asthma.
Aust NZ J Med.
1975;
5
544-550
- 97
Shaw R J, Waller J F, Hetzel M R. et al .
Do oral and inhaled terbutaline have different effects on the lung?.
Br J Dis Chest.
1982;
76
171-176
- 98
Masoli M, Weatherall M, Beasley R.
Optimal starting dose of inhaled corticosteroids in adult asthma: why has it taken
so long?.
Thorax.
2005;
60
93-94
- 99
Powell H, Gibson P G.
Initial starting dose of inhaled corticosteroids in adults with asthma: a systematic
review.
Thorax.
2004;
59
1041-1045
- 100
Godfrey S, Bar-Yishay E.
Exercised-induced asthma revisited.
Respir Med.
1993;
87
331-344
- 101
Palmqvist M, Persson G, Lazer L. et al .
Inhaled dry-powder formoterol and salmeterol in asthmatic patients: onset of action,
duration of effect and potency.
Eur Respir J.
1997;
10
2484-2489
- 102
Weinberger M, Hendeles L.
Theophylline in asthma.
N Engl J Med.
1996;
334
1380-1388
- 103
Haahtela T, Järvinen M, Kava T. et al .
Effects of reducing or discontinuing inhaled budesonide in patients with mild asthma.
N Engl J Med.
1994;
331
700-705
- 104
Simons F E.
A comparison of beclomethasone, salmeterol, and placebo in children with asthma. Canadian
Beclomethasone Dipropionate-Salmeterol Xinafoate Study Group.
N Engl J Med.
1997;
337
1659-1665
- 105
Lazarus S C, Boushey H A, Fahy J V. et al .
Long-acting beta2-agonist monotherapy vs continued therapy with inhaled corticosteroids
in patients with persistent asthma: a randomized controlled trial.
JAMA.
2001;
285
2583-2593
- 106
Lemanske R F, Sorkness C A, Mauger E A. et al .
Inhaled corticosteroid reduction and elimination in patients with persistent asthma
receiving salmeterol: a randomized controlled trial.
JAMA.
2001;
285
2594-2603
- 107
Pauwels R A, Pedersen S, Busse W W. et al .
Early intervention with budesonide in mild perisistent asthma: a randomised, double-blind
trial.
Lancet.
2003;
361
1071-1076
- 108
Powell H, Gibson P G.
Inhaled corticosteroid doses in asthma: an evidence-based approach.
Med J Aust.
2003;
178
223-225
- 109
Wilson J W, Djukanovic R, Howarth P H. et al .
Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate downregulates airway lymphocyte activation in
atopic asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1994;
149
86-90
- 110
The Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group .
Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma.
N Engl J Med.
2000;
343
1054-1063
- 111
Suissa S, Ernst P, Benayoun S. et al .
Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and the prevention of death from asthma.
N Engl J Med.
2000;
343
332-336
- 112
Reed C E, Offord K P, Nelson H S. et al .
Aerosol beclomethasone dipropionate spray compared with theophylline as primary treatment
for chronic mild-to-moderate asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1998;
101
14-23
- 113
Evans D J, Taylor D A, Zetterström O. et al .
A comparison of low-dose inhaled budesonide plus theophylline and high-dose inhaled
budesonide for moderate asthma.
N Engl J Med.
1997;
337
1412-1418
- 114
Tinkelman D G, Reed C E, Nelson H S. et al .
Aerosol beclomethasone dipropionate compared with theophylline as primary treatment
of chronic, mild to moderately severe asthma in children.
Pediatrics.
1993;
92
64-77
- 115
Ukena D, Harnest U, Sakalauskas R. et al .
Comparison of addition of theophylline to inhaled steroid with doubling of the dose
of inhaled steroid in asthma.
Eur Respir J.
1997;
10
2754-2760
- 116
Lim S, Jatakanon A, Gordon D. et al .
Comparison of high dose inhaled steroids, low dose inhaled steroids plus low dose
theophylline, and low dose inhaled steroids alone in chronic asthma in general practice.
Thorax.
2000;
55
837-841
- 117
Busse W, Nelson H, Wolfe J. et al .
Comparison of inhaled salmeterol and oral zafirlukast in patients with asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1999;
103
1075-1080
- 118
Nelson H S, Busse W W, Kerwin E. et al .
Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination provides more effective asthma control
than low-dose inhaled corticosteroid plus montelukast.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2000;
106
1088-1095
- 119
Fish J E, Israel E, Murray J J. et al .
Salmeterol powder provides significantly better benefit than montelukast in asthmatic
patients receiving concomitant inhaled corticosteroid therapy.
Chest.
2001;
120
423-430
- 120
Ringdal N, Eliraz A, Pruzinec R. et al .
The salmeterol/fluticasone combination is more effective than fluticasone plus oral
montelukast in asthma.
Respir Med.
2003;
97
234-241
- 121
Bjermer L, Bisgaard H, Bousquet J. et al .
Montelukast and fluticasone compared with salmeterol and fluticasone in protecting
against asthma exacerbation in adults: one year, double blind, randomised, comparative
trial.
Br Med J.
2003;
327
891-895
- 122
Davies B, Brooks G, Devoy M.
The efficacy and safety of salmeterol compared to theophylline: meta-analysis of nine
controlled studies.
Respir Med.
1998;
92
256-263
- 123
Shah L, Wilson A J, Gibson P G. et al .
Long acting beta-agonists versus theophylline for maintenance treatment of asthma.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2003;
Issue 3
Art. No.: CD001281
- 124
Pauwels R A, Löfdahl C-G, Postma D S. et al .
Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma.
N Engl J Med.
1997;
337
1405-1411
- 125
Pearlman D S, Chervinsky P, LaForce C. et al .
A comparison of salmeterol with albuterol in the treatment of mild-to-moderate asthma.
N Engl J Med.
1992;
327
1420-1425
- 126
Kesten S, Chapman K R, Broder I. et al .
A three-month comparison of twice daily inhaled formoterol versus four times daily
inhaled albuterol in the management of stable asthma.
Am Rev Respir Dis.
1991;
144
622-625
- 127
Wenzel S E, Lumry W, Manning M. et al .
Efficacy, safety, and effects on quality of life of salmeterol versus albuterol in
patients with mild to moderate persistent asthma.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
1998;
80
463-470
- 128
Shrewsbury S, Pyke S, Britton M.
Meta-analysis of increased dose of inhaled steroid or addition of salmeterol in symptomatic
asthma (MIASMA).
Br Med J.
2000;
320
1368-1373
- 129
Chapman K R, Ringdal N, Backer V. et al .
Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate (50/250 µg) administered via combination diskus
inhaler: as effective as when given via seperate diskus inhalers.
Can Respir J.
1999;
6
45-51
- 130
Aubier M, Pieters W R, Schlosser N J. et al .
Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (50/500 microg) in combination in a Diskus inhaler
(Seretide) is effective and safe in the treatment of steroid-dependent asthma.
Respir Med.
1999;
93
876-884
- 131
Bateman E.
Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination.
Drugs.
1999;
57
941-943
- 132
Berg N J van den, Ossip M S, Hederos C A. et al .
Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (50/100 microg) in combination in a Diskus inhaler
(Seretide) is effective and safe in children with asthma.
Pediatr Pulmonol.
2000;
30
97-105
- 133
Nelson H S, Chapman K R, Pyke S D. et al .
Enhanced synergy between fluticasone propionate and salmeterol inhaled from a single
inhaler versus separate inhalers.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2003;
112
29-36
- 134
Zetterström O, Buhl R, Mellem H. et al .
Improved asthma control with budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler, compared with
budesonide alone.
Eur Respir J.
2001;
18
262-268
- 135
Cates C C, Bara A, Crilly J A. et al .
Holding chambers versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2003;
Issue 3
Art. No.: CD000052
- 136
Bisgaard H.
A metal aerosol holding chamber devised for young children with asthma.
Eur Respir J.
1995;
8
856-860
- 137
Williamson I J, Matusiewicz S P, Brown P H. et al .
Frequency of voice problems and cough in patients using pressurized aerosol inhaled
steroid preparations.
Eur Respir J.
1995;
8
590-592
- 138
Selroos O, Halme M.
Effect of a volumatic spacer and mouth rinsing on systemic absorption of inhaled corticosteroids
from a metered dose inhaler and dry powder inhaler.
Thorax.
1991;
46
891-894
- 139
Brown P H, Greening A P, Crompton G K.
Large volume spacer devices and the influence of high dose beclomethasone dipropionate
on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis function.
Thorax.
1993;
48
233-238
- 140
Laviolette M, Malmstrom K, Lu S. et al .
Montelukast added to inhaled beclomethasone in treatment of asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1999;
160
1862-1868
- 141
Virchow J C, Prasse A, Naya I. et al .
Zafirlukast improves asthma control in patients receiving high-dose inhaled corticosteroids.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2000;
162
578-585
- 142
Price D B, Hernandez D, Magyar P. et al .
Randomised controlled trial of montelukast plus inhaled budesonide versus double dose
inhaled budesonide in adult patients with asthma.
Thorax.
2003;
58
211-216
- 143
Vaquerizo M J, Casan P, Castillo J. et al .
Effect of montelukast added to inhaled budesonide on control of mild to moderate asthma.
Thorax.
2003;
58
204-210
- 144
Persson G, Baas A, Knight A. et al .
One month treatment with the once daily oral β2-agonist bambuterol in asthmatic patients.
Eur Respir J.
1995;
8
34-39
- 145
Crompton G K, Ayres J G, Basran G. et al .
Comparison of oral bambuterol and inhaled salmeterol in patients with symptomatic
asthma and using inhaled corticosteroids.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1999;
159
824-828
- 146
Wallaert B, Brun P, Ostinelli J. et al .
A comparison of two long-acting beta-agonists, oral bambuterol and inhaled salmeterol,
in the treatment of moderate to severe asthmatic patients with nocturnal symptoms.
Respir Med.
1999;
93
33-38
- 147
Greening A P, Ind P W, Northfield M. et al .
Added salmeterol versus higher-dose corticosteroid in asthma patients with symptoms
on existing inhaled corticosteroid.
Lancet.
1994;
344
219-224
- 148
Woolcock A, Lundback B, Ringdal N. et al .
Comparison of addition of salmeterol to inhaled steroids with doubling of the dose
of inhaled steroids.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1996;
153
1481-1488
- 149
Busse W W, Chervinsky P, Condemi J. et al .
Budesonide delivered by turbuhaler is effective in a dose-dependent fashion when used
in the treatment of adult patients with chronic asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1998;
101
457-463
- 150
Szefler S J, Martin R J, King T S. et al .
Significant variability in response to inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2002;
109
410-418
- 151
Lipworth B J.
Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: A systematic review and
meta-analysis.
Arch Intern Med.
1999;
159
941-955
- 152
Toogood J H, Baskerville J C, Jennings B. et al .
Influence of dosing frequency and schedule on the response of chronic asthmatics to
the aerosol steroid, budesonide.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1982;
70
288-298
- 153
Rivington R N, Boulet L P, Cote J. et al .
Efficacy of Uniphyl, salbutamol, and their combination in asthmatic patients on high-dose
inhaled steroids.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1995;
151
325-332
- 154
Harrison B D, Stokes T C, Hart G J. et al .
Need for intravenous hydrocortisone in addition to oral prednisolone in patients admitted
to hospital with severe asthma without ventilatory failure.
Lancet.
1986;
1
181-184
- 155
O'Driscoll B R, Kalra S, Wilson M. et al .
Double-blind trial of steroid tapering in acute asthma.
Lancet.
1993;
341
324-327
- 156
Mash B, Bheekie A, Jones P W.
Inhaled vs oral steroids for adults with chronic asthma.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2001;
Issue 1
Art. No. CD002160
- 157
Dunlap N E, Fulmer J D.
Corticosteroid therapy in asthma.
Clin Chest Med.
1984;
5
669-683
- 158
Toogood J H, Baskerville J, Jennings B. et al .
Bioequivalent doses of budesonide and prednisone in moderate and severe asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1989;
84
688-700
- 159
American College of Rheumatology Task Force on Osteoporosis Guidelines .
Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.
Arthritis Rheum.
1996;
39
1791-1801
- 160
Eastell R, Reid D M, Compston J. et al .
A UK Consensus Group on management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: an update.
J Intern Med.
1998;
244
271-292
- 161
Otulana B A, Varma N, Bullock A. et al .
High dose nebulized steroid in the treatment of chronic steroid- dependent asthma.
Respir Med.
1992;
86
105-108
- 162
Hill J M.
Nebulised corticosteroids in the treatment of patients with asthma.
Thorax.
1999;
54
661-663
- 163
Buhl R.
Anti-IgE antibodies for the treatment of asthma.
Curr Opin Pulm Med.
2005;
11
27-34
- 164
Hill J M, Tattersfield A E.
Corticosteroid sparing agents in asthma.
Thorax.
1995;
50
577-582
- 165
Shiner R J, Nunn A J, Chung K F. et al .
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of methotrexate in steroid-dependent
asthma.
Lancet.
1990;
336
137-140
- 166
Mullarkey M F, Lammert J K, Blumenstein B A.
Long-term methotrexate treatment in corticosteroid-dependent asthma.
Ann Intern Med.
1990;
112
577-581
- 167
Davies H, Olson L, Gibson P.
Methotrexate as a steroid sparing agent for asthma in adults.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2000;
Issue 2
Art. No.: CD000391
- 168
Simon H U, Seelbach H, Ehmann R. et al .
Clinical and immunological effects of low-dose IFN-alpha treatment in patients with
corticosteroid-resistant asthma.
Allergy.
2003;
58
1250-1255
- 169
Howarth P H, Babu K S, Arshad H S. et al .
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF{alpha}) as a novel therapeutic target in symptomatic corticosteroid
dependent asthma.
Thorax.
2005;
60
1012-1018
- 170
Lock S H, Kay A B, Barnes N C.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of cyclosporin A as a corticosteroid-sparing
agent in corticosteroid-dependent asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1996;
153
509-514
- 171
Bernstein I L, Bernstein D I, Dubb J W. et al .
A placebo-controlled multicenter study of auranofin in the treatment of patients with
corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Auranofin Multicenter Drug Trial.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1996;
98
317-324
- 172
Nierop G, Gijzel W P, Bel E H. et al .
Auranofin in the treatment of steroid dependent asthma: a double blind study.
Thorax.
1992;
47
349-354
- 173
Aaron S D, Dales R E, Pham B.
Management of steroid-dependent asthma with methotrexate: a meta-analysis of randomized
clinical trials.
Respir Med.
1998;
92
1059-1065
- 174
Marin M G.
Low-dose methotrexate spares steroid usage in steroid-dependent asthmatic patients:
a meta-analysis.
Chest.
1997;
112
29-33
- 175
Menz G, Buhl R, Gillissen A. et al .
Schwieriges Asthma: Klinische Phänotypen und Prinzipien der Therapie.
Pneumologie.
2002;
56
132-137
- 176
Ducharme F M.
Anti-leukotrienes as add-on therapy to inhaled glucocorticoids in patients with asthma:
systematic review of current evidence.
Br Med J.
2002;
324
1545-1551
- 177
Bleecker E R, Welch M J, Weinstein S F. et al .
Low-dose inhaled fluticasone propionate versus oral zafirlukast in the treatment of
persistent asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2000;
105
1123-1129
- 178
Sharek P J, Bergman D A.
The effect of inhaled steroids on the linear growth of children with asthma: a meta-analysis.
Pediatrics.
2000;
106
E8
- 179
Tan S, Hall I P, Dewar J. et al .
Association between beta-adrenoceptor polymorphism and susceptibility to bronchodilator
desensitisation in moderately severe stable asthmatics.
Lancet.
1997;
350
995-999
- 180
Martinez F D.
Safety of long-acting beta-agonists - an urgent need to clear the air.
N Engl J Med.
2005;
353
2637-2639
- 181
Wechsler M E, Pauwels R, Drazen J M.
Leukotriene modifiers and Churg-Strauss syndrome: adverse effect or response to corticosteroid
withdrawal?.
Drug Saf.
1999;
21
241-251
- 182
Wechsler M E, Finn D, Gunawardena D. et al .
Churg-Strauss syndrome in patients receiving montelukast as treatment for asthma.
Chest.
2000;
117
708-713
- 183
Lilly C M, Churg A, Lazarovich M. et al .
Asthma therapies and Churg-Strauss syndrome.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2002;
109
S1-19
- 184
Newman S P.
A comparison of lung deposition patterns between different asthma inhalers.
J Aerosol Med.
1995;
8 Suppl 3
S21-S26
- 185
Dolovich M.
New delivery systems and propellants.
Can Respir J.
1999;
6
290-295
- 186
Leach C L.
Improved delivery of inhaled steroids to the large and small airways.
Respir Med.
1998;
92 Suppl A
3-8
- 187
Harrison L I, Soria I, Cline A C. et al .
Pharmacokinetic differences between chlorofluorocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon-free
metered dose inhalers of beclomethasone dipropionate in adult asthmatics.
J Pharm Pharmacol.
1999;
51
1235-1240
- 188
Agertoft L, Laulund L W, Harrison L I. et al .
Influence of particle size on lung deposition and pharmacokinetics of beclomethasone
dipropionate in children.
Pediatr Pulmonol.
2003;
35
192-199
- 189
Dewar A L, Stewart A, Cogswell J J. et al .
A randomised controlled trial to assess the relative benefits of large volume spacers
and nebulisers to treat acute asthma in hospital.
Arch Dis Child.
1999;
80
421-423
- 190
Powell C V, Maskell G R, Marks M K. et al .
Successful implementation of spacer treatment guideline for acute asthma.
Arch Dis Child.
2001;
84
142-146
- 191 Matthys H. Praxis der Aerosoltherapie. In: Scheuch G (Hrsg). Aerosole in der Inhalationstherapie
II. München-Deisenhofen: Dustri-Verlag Dr. Karl Feistle 1998: 52-56
- 192
Gibson P G, Powell H.
Written action plans for asthma: an evidence-based review of the key components.
Thorax.
2004;
59
94-99
- 193
Rodrigo G J, Castro-Rodriguez J A.
Anticholinergics in the treatment of children and adults with acute asthma: a systematic
review with meta-analysis.
Thorax.
2005;
60
740-746
- 194
Silverman R A, Osborn H, Runge J. et al .
IV magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute severe asthma: a multicenter randomized
controlled trial.
Chest.
2002;
122
489-497
- 195
Schuh S, Parkin P, Rajan A. et al .
High-versus low-dose, frequently administered, nebulized albuterol in children with
severe, acute asthma.
Pediatrics.
1989;
83
513-518
- 196
Schuh S, Reider M J, Canny G. et al .
Nebulized albuterol in acute childhood asthma: comparison of two doses.
Pediatrics.
1990;
86
509-513
- 197
Robertson C F, Smith F, Beck R. et al .
Response to frequent low doses of nebulized salbutamol in acute asthma.
J Pediatr.
1985;
106
672-674
- 198
Schuh S, Johnson D W, Stephens D. et al .
Comparison of albuterol delivered by a metered dose inhaler with spacer versus a nebulizer
in children with mild acute asthma.
J Pediatr.
1999;
135
22-27
- 199
Connett G J, Lenney W.
Use of pulse oximetry in the hospital management of acute asthma in childhood.
Pediatr Pulmonol.
1993;
15
345-349
- 200
Geelhoed G C, Landau L I, Le Souef P N.
Evaluation of SaO2 as a predictor of outcome in 280 children presenting with acute asthma.
Ann Emerg Med.
1994;
23
1236-1241
- 201
Rowe B H, Spooner C H, Ducharme F M. et al .
Corticosteroids for preventing relapse following acute exacerbations of asthma.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2001;
Issue 1
Art. No. CD000195
- 202
Rowe B H, Spooner C, Ducharme F M. et al .
Early emergency department treatment of acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2001;
Issue 1
Art. No. CD002178
- 203
Manser R, Reid D, Abramson M.
Corticosteroids for acute severe asthma in hospitalised patients.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2001;
Issue 1
Art. No. CD001740
- 204
Becker J M, Arora A, Scarfone R J. et al .
Oral versus intravenous corticosteroids in children hospitalized with asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1999;
103
586-590
- 205
Barnett P L, Caputo G L, Baskin M. et al .
Intravenous versus oral corticosteroids in the management of acute asthma in children.
Ann Emerg Med.
1997;
29
212-217
- 206
Langton H S, Hobbs J, Reid F. et al .
Prednisolone in acute childhood asthma: clinical responses to three dosages.
Respir Med.
1998;
92
541-546
- 207
Yung M, South M.
Randomised controlled trial of aminophylline for severe acute asthma.
Arch Dis Child.
1998;
79
405-410
- 208
Khine H, Fuchs S M, Saville A L.
Continuous vs intermittent nebulized albuterol for emergency management of asthma.
Acad Emerg Med.
1996;
3
1019-1024
- 209
Papo M C, Frank J, Thompson A E.
A prospective, randomized study of continuous versus intermittent nebulized albuterol
for severe status asthmaticus in children.
Crit Care Med.
1993;
21
1479-1486
- 210
Travers A, Jones A P, Kelly K. et al .
Intravenous beta2-agonists for acute asthma in the emergency department.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2001;
Issue 1
Art. No. CD002988
- 211
Plotnick L H, Ducharme F M.
Acute asthma in children and adolescents: should inhaled anticholinergics be added
to beta(2)-agonists?.
Am J Respir Med.
2003;
2
109-115
- 212
Goodman D C, Littenberg B, O'Connor G T. et al .
Theophylline in acute childhood asthma: a meta-analysis of its efficacy.
Pediatr Pulmonol.
1996;
21
211-218
- 213
Parameswaran K, Belda J, Rowe B H.
Addition of intravenous aminophylline to beta2-agonists in adults with acute asthma.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2000;
Issue 4
Art. No. CD002742
- 214
Graham V, Lasserson T J, Rowe B H.
Antibiotics for acute asthma.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2001;
Issue 2
Art. No. CD002741
- 215
Fox G F, Marsh M J, Milner A D.
Treatment of recurrent acute wheezing episodes in infancy with oral salbutamol and
prednisolone.
Eur J Pediatr.
1996;
155
512-516
- 216
Closa R M, Ceballos J M, Gomez-Papi A. et al .
Efficacy of bronchodilators administered by nebulizers versus spacer devices in infants
with acute wheezing.
Pediatr Pulmonol.
1998;
26
344-348
- 217
Wildhaber J H, Devadason S G, Hayden M J. et al .
Aerosol delivery to wheezy infants: a comparison between a nebulizer and two small
volume spacers.
Pediatr Pulmonol.
1997;
23
212-216
- 218
Rubilar L, Castro-Rodriguez J A, Girardi G.
Randomized trial of salbutamol via metered-dose inhaler with spacer versus nebulizer
for acute wheezing in children less than 2 years of age.
Pediatr Pulmonol.
2000;
29
264-269
- 219
Daugbjerg P, Brenoe E, Forchhammer H. et al .
A comparison between nebulized terbutaline, nebulized corticosteroid and systemic
corticosteroid for acute wheezing in children up to 18 months of age.
Acta Paediatr.
1993;
82
547-551
- 220
Bentur L, Canny G J, Shields M D. et al .
Controlled trial of nebulized albuterol in children younger than 2 years of age with
acute asthma.
Pediatrics.
1992;
89
133-137
- 221
Prahl P, Petersen N T, Hornsleth A.
Beta 2-agonists for the treatment of wheezy bronchitis?.
Ann Allergy.
1986;
57
439-441
- 222
Tal A, Levy N, Bearman J E.
Methylprednisolone therapy for acute asthma in infants and toddlers: a controlled
clinical trial.
Pediatrics.
1990;
86
350-356
- 223
Everard M L, Bara A, Kurian M.
Anti-cholinergic drugs for wheeze in children under the age of two years.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2005;
Issue 3
Art. No. CD001279
- 224
Schatz M, Harden K, Forsythe A. et al .
The course of asthma during pregnancy, post partum, and with successive pregnancies:
a prospective analysis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1988;
81
509-517
- 225
Murphy V E, Gibson P G, Smith R. et al .
Asthma during pregnancy: mechanisms and treatment implications.
Eur Respir J.
2005;
25
731-750
- 226
Stenius-Aarniala B S, Hedman J, Teramo K A.
Acute asthma during pregnancy.
Thorax.
1996;
51
411-414
- 227
Bergmann K-C.
Spezifische Immuntherapie bei allergischem Asthma.
Pneumologie.
2003;
57
84-90
- 228
Gillissen A, Bergmann K-C, Kleine-Tebbe J. et al .
Die Bedeutung der spezifischen Immuntherapie beim allergischen Asthma bronchiale.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr.
2003;
128
204-209
- 229
Buhl R, Beeh K M.
Spezifische Immuntherapie bei Asthma bronchiale?.
Pneumologie.
2003;
57
69-70
- 230
Kleine-Tebbe J, Fuchs T, Klimek L. et al .
Die spezifische Immuntherapie (Hyposensibilisierung) mit Allergenen. Positionspapier
der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allergologie und klinische Immunologie, inhaltlich
abgestimmt mit dem Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen.
Pneumologie.
2001;
55
438-444
- 231
Bousquet J.
Specific immunotherapy in asthma.
Allergy.
1999;
54 Suppl 56
37-38
- 232
Bousquet J, Lockey R, Malling H J.
Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases. A WHO position
paper.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1998;
102
558-562
- 233
Abramson M J, Puy R M, Weiner J M.
Allergen immunotherapy for asthma.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2003;
Issue 4
Art. No. CD001186
- 234
Bousquet J, Michel F B, Malling H J.
Is allergen immunotherapy effective in asthma? A meta-analysis of randomized clinical
trials.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1995;
152
1737-1738
- 235
Möller C, Dreborg S, Ferdousi H A. et al .
Pollen immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis
(the PAT-study).
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2002;
109
251-256
- 236
Pajno G B, Barberio G, De Luca F. et al .
Prevention of new sensitizations in asthmatic children monosensitized to house dust
mite by specific immunotherapy. A six-year follow-up study.
Clin Exp Allergy.
2001;
31
1392-1397
- 237
Bousquet J, Michel F B.
Safety considerations in assessing the role of immunotherapy in allergic disorders.
Drug Saf.
1994;
10
5-17
- 238
British Guideline on the Management of Asthma.
Thorax.
2003;
58 Suppl 1
1-94
- 239
Gibson P G, Powell H, Coughlan J. et al .
Self-management education and regular practitioner review for adults with asthma.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2002;
Issue 1
Art. No. CD 001 117
- 240
Gibson P G, Powell H, Coughlan J. et al .
Limited (information only) patient education programs for adults with asthma.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2002;
Issue 1
Art. No. CD001005
- 241
Powell H, Gibson P G.
Options for self-management education for adults with asthma.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2002;
Issue 3
Art. No. CD004107
- 242
Petro W, Wettengel R, Worth H.
Empfehlungen zum strukturierten Patiententraining bei obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankungen.
Med Klin.
1995;
90
515-519
- 243
Ram F S, Robinson S M, Black P N.
Physical training for asthma.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2005;
Issue 4
Art. No. CD001116
- 244
Emtner M, Herala M, Stalenheim G.
High-intensity physical training in adults with asthma. A 10-week rehabilitation program.
Chest.
1996;
109
323-330
- 245
Worth H, Meyer A, Folgering H. et al .
Empfehlungen der Deutschen Atemwegsliga zum Sport und körperlichen Training bei Patienten
mit obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankungen.
Pneumologie.
2000;
54
61-67
- 246
Holloway E, Ram F S.
Breathing exercises for asthma.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2004;
Issue 1
Art. No. CD001277
- 247
Thomas M, McKinley R K, Freeman E. et al .
Breathing retraining for dysfunctional breathing in asthma: a randomised controlled
trial.
Thorax.
2003;
58
110-115
- 248
Siroux V, Pin I, Oryszczyn M P. et al .
Relationships of active smoking to asthma and asthma severity in the EGEA study. Epidemiological
study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma.
Eur Respir J.
2000;
15
470-477
- 249
Ehrlich R I, Du T D, Jordaan E. et al .
Risk factors for childhood asthma and wheezing. Importance of maternal and household
smoking.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1996;
154
681-688
- 250
Panton J, Barley E A.
Family therapy for asthma in children.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2000;
Issue 2
Art. No. CD000089
- 251
American Thoracic Society .
Pulmonary rehabilitation 1999.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1999;
159
1666-1682
- 252
Pulmonary rehabilitation.
Thorax.
2001;
56
827-834
- 253
American College of Chest Physicians. American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary
Rehabilitation .
Pulmonary rehabilitation: joint ACCP/AACVPR evidence-based guidelines. ACCP/AACVPR
Pulmonary Rehabilitation Guidelines Panel.
Chest.
1997;
112
1363-1396
- 254
Bergmann K C, Fischer J, Schmitz M. et al .
Die stationäre pneumologische Rehabilitation für Erwachsene: Zielsetzung - diagnostische
und therapeutische Standards - Forschungsbedarf.
Pneumologie.
1997;
51
523-532
- 255 VDR Reha-Kommission: Kommission zur Weiterentwicklung der Rehabilitation in der
gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung .Abschlussberichte - Band III, Teilband 2: Krankheitsspezifische
Konzepte. Frankfurt: VDR 1991: 483-484
- 256 World Health Organisation .International Classification of Functioning, Disability
and Health (ICF). 2001
- 257 Bundesversicherungsanstalt für Angestellte .Rehabilitationsbedürftigkeit und indikationsübergreifende
Problembereiche - Leitlinien für den Beratungsärztlichen Dienst der BfA. 2002
- 258
Richtlinien des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses über Leistungen zur medizinischen Rehabilitation
(Rehabilitations-Richtlinien) nach § 92 Abs. 1 Satz 2 Nr. 8 SGB V in der Fassung vom
16 März 2004.
Bundesanzeiger.
2004;
63
6769
- 259
Cambach W, Wagenaar R C, Koelman T W. et al .
The long-term effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with asthma and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease: a research synthesis.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
1999;
80
103-111
- 260
Cambach W, Chadwick-Straver R V, Wagenaar R C. et al .
The effects of a community-based pulmonary rehabilitation programme on exercise tolerance
and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial.
Eur Respir J.
1997;
10
104-113
- 261
Bauer C P, Petermann F, Kiosz D. et al .
Langzeiteffekt der stationären Rehabilitation bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit mittelschwerem
und schwerem Asthma bronchiale.
Pneumologie.
2002;
56
478-485
- 262
Fischer J, Raschke F.
Zielorientierte Messung von kurz-, mittel- und langfristigen Effekten in der pneumologischen
Rehabilitation.
Pneumologie.
2000;
54
458-463
- 263
Foglio K, Bianchi L, Bruletti G. et al .
Long-term effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic airway
obstruction.
Eur Respir J.
1999;
13
125-132
- 264
Cox N J, Hendricks J C, Binkhorst R A. et al .
A pulmonary rehabilitation program for patients with asthma and mild chronic obstructive
pulmonary diseases (COPD).
Lung.
1993;
171
235-244
- 265 de Vries U. Asthma - Patientenschulung im Rahmen ambulanter und stationärer Rehabilitation. Regensburg:
Roderer Verlag 2004
- 266
Emtner M, Finne M, Stalenheim G.
A 3-year follow-up of asthmatic patients participating in a 10-week rehabilitation
program with emphasis on physical training.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
1998;
79
539-544
- 267
Petermann F, Gulyas A, Niebank K. et al .
Rehabilitationserfolge bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Asthma und Neurodermitis.
Allergologie.
2000;
23
492-502
- 268
Worth H, Petro W.
Vorschläge zu Struktur und Inhalten von Train-the Trainer-Seminaren für die Schulung
von Patienten mit chronisch obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankungen.
Pneumologie.
1998;
52
473-474
- 269
Spindler T, Rank M, Otto J.
Veränderte psychosoziale Rahmenbedingungen erfordern Umdenken in der Rehabilitation.
Kinder- und Jugendmedizin.
2001;
5
35-38
- 270
Pörings B, Spindler T.
Elternschulung als Bestandteil der stationären Rehabilitation von Asthma.
Kinder- und Jugendarzt.
2002;
33
473-476
- 271
Blanc P D, Toren K.
How much adult asthma can be attributed to occupational factors?.
Am J Med.
1999;
107
580-587
- 272
Balmes J, Becklake M, Blanc P. et al .
American Thoracic Society Statement: Occupational contribution to the burden of airway
disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2003;
167
787-797
- 273
Mapp C E, Boschetto P, Maestrelli P. et al .
Occupational asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2005;
172
280-305
- 274
Nowak D.
Chemosensory irritation and the lung.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health.
2002;
75
326-331
- 275
Le Moual N, Siroux V, Pin I. et al .
Asthma severity and exposure to occupational asthmogens.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2005;
172
440-445
- 276
Vandenplas O, Ghezzo H, Munoz X. et al .
What are the questionnaire items most useful in identifying subjects with occupational
asthma?.
Eur Respir J.
2005;
26
1056-1063
- 277
Baur X, Haamann F, Heutelbeck A. et al .
Arbeitsplatzbezogener Inhalationstest (AIT). Arbeitsmedizinische Leitlinien der Deutschen
Gesellschaft für Arbeitsmedizin und Umweltmedizin.
Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin.
2005;
40
260-267
- 278
Nicholson P J, Cullinan P, Taylor A J. et al .
Evidence based guidelines for the prevention, identification, and management of occupational
asthma.
Occup Environ Med.
2005;
62
290-299
Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. R. Buhl
Schwerpunkt Pneumologie · III. Medizinische Klinik
Langenbeckstraße 1
55131 Mainz
Email: r.buhl@3-med.klinik.uni-mainz.de