Kernaussagen
Ursachen
Als Ursachen eines akuten Rechtsherzversagens kommen Erkrankungen mit akuter Druckbelastung des rechten Ventrikels,
Volumenbelastung des rechten Ventrikels und myokardiale Erkrankungen des rechten Ventrikels
infrage. Die Hauptursachen sind
eine akute Lungenarterienembolie,
eine akute Exazerbation einer chronischen pulmonalen Hypertonie und
ein akuter rechtsventrikulärer Infarkt.
Diagnostik
Richtungweisend sind die Ergebnisse der klinischen Untersuchung, wobei sowohl Zeichen
des akuten Rechtsherzversagens, der chronischen Rechtsherzbelastung und der linksventrikulären
Funktionsstörung beachtet werden müssen. Grundsätzlich sind zu empfehlen:
ein Elektrokardiogramm,
ein Röntgenbild des Thorax,
eine Laboruntersuchung (einschließlich Konzentration des Troponin T oder I, der D-Dimere
und des BNP) und
eine Echokardiographie.
Bei Verdacht auf eine Lungenarterienembolie sind zusätzlich eine Blutgasanalyse/Ruhespirometrie, ein Spiral-CT oder Lungenperfusionsszintigraphie
und ggf. eine pulmonale Angiographie notwendig.
Eine invasive kardiale Untersuchung (zentralvenöser Katheter, Pulmonalarterienkatheter)
unterstützt sowohl die Diagnostik als auch die Therapieüberwachung.
Therapie
Die Therapie des akuten Rechtsherzversagens orientiert sich grundsätzlich an der Ursache.
Können die Ursachen eines akuten Rechtsherzversagens nicht therapiert werden, muss
das Augenmerk auf einer Anhebung des Herzzeitvolumens liegen. Katecholamine sind nur
bei manifestem oder beginnendem kardiogenem Schock und nach Versagen einer Therapie
mit spezifischen pulmonalarteriellen Vasodilatatoren indiziert. Ansonsten ist eine
pulmonalarterielle Vasodilatation unter Berücksichtigung des systemischen Blutdrucks
notwendig. Bei Hypoxämie sollte Sauerstoff und bis zu einem rechtsatrialen Druck von
15 mm Hg Volumen gegeben werden.
Bei Patienten mit Lungenarterienembolie und Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand oder Schock ist die systemische Thrombolyse die Therapie
der Wahl. Eine systemische Thrombolyse ist bei Patienten ohne Schock nur im Einzelfall
indiziert. Ziel der Therapie des rechtsventrikulären Infarkts ist die Wiedereröffnung der rechten Koronararterie mittels koronarer Angioplastie
oder systemischer Thrombolyse.
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Prof. Dr. med. Franz Xaver Kleber
Klinik für Innere Medizin/Kardiologie · Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin
Warener Straße 07 · 12683 Berlin
Telefon: 030/56 81 36 01
Fax: 030/56 81 36 03
eMail: fxkleber@ukb.de