Zusammenfassung
Gesundheitspsychologische, sozialmedizinische und psychosomatische bzw. psychopathologische
Konzepte wurden in der Vergangenheit extensiv auf ihre Fähigkeit zur Vorhersage eines
koronaren Ereignisses bei scheinbar herzgesunden Populationen untersucht. Dennoch
finden sie in internationalen Algorithmen zur Risikoabschätzung einer koronaren Herzerkrankung
gegenwärtig keine Verwendung. In drei MONICA-Surveys (S1-S3) wurde an fast 13 000
Teilnehmern im Alter zwischen 25 und 74 Jahren ein breites Spektrum an psychosozialen
Daten erfasst, die durch die Weiterführung des Projektes als KORA-Studienplattform
mit einer ersten Nachuntersuchung aller Studienteilnehmer im Jahr 1998 einen prospektiven
Studienarm bekommen haben und gegenwärtig eine mittlere Beobachtungszeit von sieben
Jahren einschließen. Aus der Von-Zerrssen-Beschwerdeliste wurde ein acht Items (Wertebereich
0 - 24) umfassendes Depressions-Screeninginstrument extrahiert, das über eine ausreichende
Validität und Reliabilität verfügt. Männliche Probanden mit hohem Ausmaß an Depressivität
haben nach Kontrolle einer großen Zahl von Risikofaktoren ein 1,55fach (95 %-KI: 1,28
- 1,83, p < 0,0001) erhöhtes Gesamtmortalitätsrisiko und ein 1,36fach (95 %-KI: 1,02
- 1,81, p < 0,035) erhöhtes Risiko für koronare Herzkrankheit (KHK). Frauen weisen
höhere Prävalenzen an depressionsbezogenen Werten auf; Depressivität ist bei Frauen
jedoch kein messbarer Risikofaktor. Depressivität bei Männern interagiert auf bedeutsame
Weise mit Adipositas und erhöhten C-reaktiven Proteinen (CRP). Dem Einschluss psychosozialer
Faktoren - demonstriert am Beispiel der Depressivität - kommt nicht nur eine zentrale
Rolle in der Vorhersage von KHK-Ereignissen zu, sondern er wird in Zukunft auch zur
Phänotypisierung von Risiken im Zusammenhang mit der Gen/Umwelt-Diskussion eine wichtige
Rolle in der KORA-Studienplattform spielen.
Abstract
Psychosocial factors derived from concepts in health psychology and psychopathology
are subject of extensive research to assess their power to predict a future coronary
artery disease event in apparently healthy subjects. However, bio-behavioural factors
have not been implemented in current guidelines of scoring schemes for calculating
the risk of coronary events. The presented data were derived from the population-based
MONICA Augsburg studies (S1-S3) conducted between 1984 and 1995. The psychosocial
data set was available in approximately 13,000 subjects. The KORA follow-up study
assessed the vital status for all participants (except for 56 persons) in 1998. Until
then, 772 participants (531 men, 241 women) had died. The depressive symptomatology
was derived from the von Zerrssen affective symptom check list combining 24 single
symptom items with scores ranging from 0 to 3. Risks of total mortality and myocardial
infarction were estimated from Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) models adjusted
for age and survey and multiple risk factors. Male participants with high scores in
depression exhibited a significantly increased risk in total mortality (adjusted HR:
1.55; 95 % CI: 1,28 - 1,83, p < 0.0001) and for fatal and non-fatal coronary events
(adjusted HR: 1.36; 95 % CI: 1.02 - 1.81, p < 0.035). Female participants reported
higher values in depression scores; however, depression was not predictive for subsequent
total mortality and fatal and non-fatal events in females. Depression in men yielded
a significant interaction with obesity and increased levels of C-reactive protein
(CRP). The inclusion of psychosocial factors, as demonstrated for depression, is likely
to improve prediction of future adverse cardiovascular and total mortality. These
factors may also play a crucial role in genotype-phenotype interaction.
Schlüsselwörter
Epidemiologie - koronare Herzerkrankung - psychosoziale Risikofaktoren - Depression
Key words
Epidemiology - coronary heart disease - psychosocial risk factors - depression
Literatur
1
Ladwig K H, Roth R, Lehmacher W. et al .
The impact of post-infarction depression on six month survival after acute myocardial
infarction.
Circulation.
1992;
86
865
2
Ladwig K H, Röll G, Roth R. et al .
Contribution of post-infarction depression to an incomplete recovery six months after
acute myocardial infarction.
Lancet.
1994;
343
20-23
3 Herrmann-Lingen C, Buss U. Angst und Depressivität im Verlauf der koronaren Herzkrankheit.
Reihe Statuskonferenz Psychokardiologie. Frankfurt/M; VAS-Verlag 2002
4
Barth J, Schumacher M, Herrmann-Lingen C.
Depression as a risk factor for mortality in patients with coronary heart disease:
A meta-analysis.
Psychosom Med.
2004;
66 (6)
802-813
5
Rafanelli C, Roncuzzi R, Finos L. et al .
Psychological Assessment in Cardiac Rehabilitation.
Psychother and Psychosom.
2003;
72
343-349
6
Hense H W, Schulte H, Lowel H. et al .
Framingham risk function overestimates risk of coronary heart disease in men and women
from Germany -results from the MONICA Augsburg and the PROCAM cohorts.
Eur Heart J.
2003;
24
937 - 945
7
Empana J P, Ducimetiere P, Arveiler D. et al .
Are the Framingham and PROCAM coronary heart disease risk functions applicable to
different European populations? The PRIME Study.
Eur Heart J.
2003;
24
1903-1911
8
De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K. et al .
American Heart Association. American College of Cardiology. European guidelines on
cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of
European and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice.
Atherosclerosis.
2004;
173
381-91
9
Idler E L, Benyamini B.
Self rated health and mortality review of twenty-seven community studies.
J Health Soc Behav.
1997;
38
21-37
10
Heidrich J, Liese A D, Löwel H. et al .
Self-rated health and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in southern
Germany. Results from the MONICA Augsburg cohort study 1984 - 95.
Ann Epidemiol.
2002;
12
338-45
11
Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S. et al .
Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction
in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study.
Lancet.
2004;
364
937-952
12
Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S. et al .
Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction
in 11 119 cases and 13 648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control
study.
Lancet.
2004;
364
953-962
13
Orth-Gomer K, Unden A l, Edwards M E.
Social isolation and mortality in ischemic heart disease: a 10-year follow-up study
of 150 middle-aged men.
Acta Med Scand.
1988;
224
205-215
14
Holohan C J, Holohan C K, Moos R H. et al .
Social support, coping, and depressive symptoms in a late-middle-aged sample of patients
reporting cardiac illness.
Health Psychol.
1995;
14
152-163
15
Brummett B H, Barefoot J C, Siegler I C. et al .
Characteristics of socially isolated patients with coronary artery disease who are
at elevated risk for mortality.
Psychosom Med.
2001;
63
267-272
16
Kubzansky L D, I K awachi, A S piro III. et al .
Is worrying bad for your heart? A prospective study of worry and coronary heart disease
in the Normative Aging Study.
Circulation.
1997;
95
818-824
17
Haines A P, Imeson J D, Meade T W.
Phobic anxiety and ischaemic heart disease.
Brit Med J.
1987;
295
297-299
18
Kawachi I, Colditz G A, Ascherio A. et al .
Prospective study of phobic anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease in men.
Circulation.
1994;
89
1992-1997
19
Pignone M P, Gaynes B N, Rushton J L. et al .
Screening for depression in adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive
Services Task Force.
Ann Intern Med.
2002;
136
765-776
20
Blazer D G, Kessler R C, McGonagle K A. et al .
The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample:
the National Comorbidity Survey.
Am J Psychiatry.
1994;
151
979-986
21
Kessler R C, Berglund P, Demler O. et al .
The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity
Survey Replication (NCS-R).
JAMA.
2003;
289
3095-3105
22
Simon G E, von Korff M.
Recognition, management, and outcomes of depression in primary care.
Arch Fam Med.
1995;
4
99-105
23 Murray C JL, Lopez A D. The Global Burden of Diseases: Summary. (ed) Cambridge
Mass; Harvard University Press 1996
24
Rugulies R.
Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease. A review and meta-analysis.
Am J Prev Med.
2002;
23
51-61
25
Wulsin L R, Singal B M.
Do depressive symptoms increase the risk for the onset of coronary disease? A systematic
quantative review.
Psychosom Med.
2003;
65
259-267
26 Ladwig K H, Erazo N, Rugulies R. Das Konzept der vitalen Erschöpfung, Angst und
Depression, Hilf- und Hoffnungslosigkeit vor Ausbruch der koronaren Herzerkrankung.
Reihe Statuskonferenz Psychokardiologie. Frankfurt/M.; VAS-Verlag 2004
27
Wassertheil-Smoller S, Shumaker S, Ockene J. et al .
Depression and cardiovascular sequelae in postmenopausal women. The Women’s Health
Initiative (WHI).
Arch Intern Med.
2004;
164
289-298
28
Ladwig K H, Marten-Mittag B, Baumert J. et al .
Case-finding for vital exhaustion and depressive mood in the general population: reliability
and validity of a symptom driven diagnostic scale. Results from the MONICA Augsburg
Study.
Ann Epidemiol.
2004;
14
332-338
29 Ladwig K H, Löwel H. Psychoimmunologische Folgen akuter und chronischer Stress-Belastung:
Implikationen für die psychokardiologische Stressforschung. Rauch, B. Heldt R: Der
multimorbide Patient. Heidelberg; Steinkopff Verlag 2001: 161-168
30
Ladwig K H, Marten-Mittag B, Löwel H. et al .
C-reactive protein, depressed mood and the prediction of coronary heart disease in
initially healthy men.
Eur Heart J (submitted).
31
Ladwig K H, Marten-Mittag B, Löwel H. et al .
Influence of depressive mood on the association of CRP and obesity in 3,205 middle
aged healthy men. Results from the MONICA Augsburg Study.
Brain Behav Immun.
2003;
17
268-275
32
Ladwig K H, Baumert J, Löwel H. et al .
Contemplating to quit current smoking status: Differences in behavioural and psychosocial
patterns in a population-based cohort of current smokers.
Prev Med.
2005;
41
134-140
33
von Kanel R, Mills P J, Fainman C. et al .
Effects of psychological stress and psychiatric disorders on blood coagulation and
fibrinolysis: a biobehavioral pathway to coronary artery disease?.
Psychosom Med.
2001;
63
531-544
34
Kop W J, Gottdiener J S, Tangen C M. et al .
Inflammation and coagulation factors in persons > 65 years of age with symptoms of
depression but without evidence of myocardial ischemia.
Am J Cardiol.
2002;
89
419-424
35
Bluthe R M, Michaud B, Poli V. et al .
Role of IL-6 in cytokine-induced sickness behavior: A study with IL-6 deficient mice.
Physiol Behav.
2000;
70
367-373
36
Kaplan G A, Camacho T.
Perceived health and mortality: a nine-year follow-up of the human population laboratory
cohort.
Am J Epidem.
1983;
117
292-304
37
Spielberger C D, Gorsuch R L, Lushene R E.
Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
Palo-Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
1970;
38 Von Zerssen D. Die Beschwerden-Liste. Klinische Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen aus
dem Münchner Psychiatrischen Informationssystem. Psychis-Manuale, Allgemeiner Teil. Weinheim;
Beltz 1976
39 Ware J, Kosinski M, Keller S D. Physical and mental component summary scales: a
user’s manual. The Health Institute, New England Medical Center. Boston; 1994
40
Jenkins C D, Zyzanski S J, Rosenman R H.
Progress toward validation of a computer-scored test for the type A coronary-prone
behavior pattern.
Psychosom Med.
1971;
33
193-202
41
Karasek RA, Theorell TG, Schwartz J. et al .
Job, psychological factors and coronary heart disease. Swedish prospective findings
and US prevalence findings using a new occupational inference method.
Adv Cardiol.
1982;
29
62-67
42
Siegrist J, Dittmann K, Rittner K. et al .
The social context of active distress in patients with early myocardial infarction.
Soc Sci Med.
1982;
16
443-453
43
Berkman L F, Syme S L.
Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine year follow-up study of Alameda
County residents.
Am J Epidemiol.
1979;
109
186-204
44
Seeman T E, Kaplan G A, Knudsen L. et al .
Social network ties and mortality among the elderly in the Alameda County.
Am J Epidemiol.
1987;
126
714-723
45 WHO. MONICA Psychosocial Optional Study MOPSY. Suggested measurement instruments
[EUR/ICP/NCD 011, 3037H]. Copenhagen; WHO Regional Office for Europe 1989
46
Lowe B, Kroenke K, Herzog W. et al .
Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: sensitivity to change
of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).
J Affect Disord.
2004;
81
61-66
47
Ware J, Kosinski M, Bayliss M S. et al .
Comparison of methods for the scoring and statistical analysis of SF-36 Health profile
and summary measures: summary of results from the Medical Outcome Study.
Med Care.
1995;
33
264
48 Bullinger M, Kirchberger I. SF-36 Fragebogen zum Gesundheitszustand. Göttingen;
Hogrefe 1998
49
Zigmond A S, Snaith R P.
The hospital anxiety and depression scale.
Acta Psychiatr Scand.
1983;
67
361-370
50
Denollet J K.
Type D personality and vulnerability to chronic disease, impaired quality of life
(QOL), and depressive symptoms.
Psychosom Med.
2002;
64
101
51 Schumann A, Rumpf H J, Meyer C. et al .Deutsche Version des Fagerström-Test for
Nicotine Dependence (FTND-G) und des Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI-G). Glöckner-Rist
A, Rist F, Küfner H Elektronisches Handbuch zu Erhebungsinstrumenten im Suchtbereich
(EHES). Version 3.00 Mannheim; Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen 2003
52
Wallston K A, Wallston B S, DeVellis R.
Development of the multidimensional health locus of control (MHLOC) scales.
Health Educ Monogr.
1978;
6
160-170
53
Janßen C, Heinrich C, Weitkunat R. et al .
Sozio-ökonomischer Status und gesundheitliche Kontrollüberzeugungen.
Z Gesundheitswissenschaften.
2000;
8
216-229
54 Fydrich T, Sommer G, Brähler E. Fragebogen zur Sozialen Unterstützung (F-SozU). Göttingen;
Hogrefe (in press)
55
Veenstra G.
Social capital, SES and health: an individual-level analysis.
Soc Sci Med.
2000;
50
619-629
56
Siegrist J, Dittmann K, Rittner K. et al .
The social context of active distress in patients with early myocardial infarction.
Soc Sci Med.
1982;
16:
443-453
57
Holle R, Happich M, Löwel H. et al .
KORA - A research platform for population based health research.
Gesundheitswesen.
2005;
67 S1
S19-S25
58
Wichmann H E, Gieger C, Illig T. et al .
KORA-gen - Resource for population genetics, controls and a broad spectrum of disease
phenotypes.
Gesundheitswesen.
2005;
67 S1
S26-S30
59
Löwel H, Meisinger C, Heier M. et al .
The population-based Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) Registry of the MONICA/KORA
study region of Augsburg.
Gesundheitswesen.
2005;
67 S1
S31-S37
60
Lederbogen F, Deuschle M. für die KORA-Studiengruppe .
Dysfunktion des Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden-Systems - Hintergrundvariable
relevanter kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren? Beschreibung eines kooperativen Projektes.
Gesundheitswesen.
2005;
67 S1
S94-S97
61
Berger K, Roesler A, Kretzschmar K.
The association between white matter lesions, stroke and activities of daily living
- The MEMO Study on the KORA Platform Augsburg.
Gesundheitswesen.
2005;
67 S1
S172-S175
62
Braune B T, Berger K.
The influence of depressive mood on activities of daily living and health care utilization
in the elderly - The MEMO study on the KORA Platform Augsburg.
Gesundheitswesen.
2005;
67 S1
S176-S179
63
Wildner M, Döring A, Meisinger C. et al .
Frakturen im höheren Lebensalter - eine Herausforderung für Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung
- Ergebnisse der KORA-Frakturstudie Augsburg.
Gesundheitswesen.
2005;
67 S1
S180-S186
3 Die MONICA/KORA-Studiengruppe besteht aus: KORA: H.-E. Wichmann (Sprecher), H. Löwel,
C. Meisinger, T. Illig, R. Holle, J. John und deren Mitarbeitern, die verantwortlich
für das Design und die Durchführung der KORA-Studien sind; MONICA: U. Keil (Studienleiter),
A. Döring, B. Filipiak, H. W. Hense, H. Löwel, J. Stieber und den Mitarbeitern, die
verantwortlich für das Design und die Durchführung der MONICA-Studien waren.
Prof. K. H. Ladwig PhD, MD
GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology
Ingolstädter Landstraße 1
85764 Neuherberg
Email: ladwig@gsf.de