Abstract
Modulated chlorophyll fluorescence was used to compare dissipation of light energy
as heat in photosystem II of homoiohydric and poikilohydric photosynthetic organisms
which were either hydrated or dehydrated. In hydrated chlorolichens with an alga as
the photobiont, fluorescence quenching revealed a dominant mechanism of energy dissipation
which was based on a protonation reaction when zeaxanthin was present. CO2 was effective as a weak protonating agent and actinic light was not necessary. In
a hydrated cyanobacterial lichen, protonation by CO2 was ineffective to initiate energy dissipation. This was also true for leaves of
higher plants. Thus, regulation of zeaxanthin-dependent energy dissipation by protonation
was different in leaves and in chlorolichens. A mechanism of energy dissipation different
from that based on zeaxanthin became apparent on dehydration of both lichens and leaves.
Quenching of maximum or Fm fluorescence increased strongly during dehydration. In
lichens, this was also true for so-called basal or Fo fluorescence. In contrast to
zeaxanthin-dependent quenching, dehydration-induced quenching could not be inhibited
by dithiothreitol. Both zeaxanthin-dependent and dehydration-induced quenching cooperated
in chlorolichens to increase thermal dissipation of light energy if desiccation occurred
in the light. In cyanolichens, which do not possess a zeaxanthin cycle, only desiccation-induced
thermal energy dissipation was active in the dry state. Fluorescence emission spectra
of chlorolichens revealed stronger desiccation-induced suppression of 685-nm fluorescence
than of 720-nm fluorescence. In agreement with earlier reports of [Bilger et al. (1989)], fluorescence excitation data showed that desiccation reduced flow of excitation
energy from chlorophyll b of the light harvesting complex II to emitting centres more
than flow from chlorophyll a of core pigments. The data are discussed in relation
to regulation and localization of thermal energy dissipation mechanisms. It is concluded
that desiccation-induced fluorescence quenching of lichens results from the reversible
conversion of energy-conserving to energy-dissipating photosystem II core complexes.
Key words
Chlorophyll fluorescence - energy dissipation - lichens - photooxidative damage -
photoprotection
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U. Heber
Julius-von-Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences
University of Würzburg
Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2
97082 Würzburg
Germany
Email: heber@botanik.uni-wuerzburg.de
Editor: H. Rennenberg